THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 

GIFT  OF 


DR.  WILL  C.  CRAWFORD 


STATE   AND   COUNTY 
EDUCATIONAL    REORGANIZATION 


TEXT-BOOK  SERIES  IN  EDUCATION 


THE  HISTORY  OF  EDUCATION 

By  PAUL  MONROE,  Ph.D.,  Teachers  College,  Columbia  University. 

THE   PRINCIPLES   OF   EDUCATION 

By  ERNEST  N.  HENDERSON,  Ph.D.,  Adelphi  College. 

STATE  AND   COUNTY   EDUCATIONAL  REORGANIZATION 
By  ELLWOOD  P.  CUBBERLEY,  Ph.D.,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  Uni- 
versity. 

TO   BE    ISSUED 

PRINCIPLES    OF    STATE  AND    COUNTY  SCHOOL   ADMIN- 
ISTRATION 

By  ELLWOOD  P.  CUBBERLEY,  Ph.D.,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  Uni- 
versity, and  EDWARD  C.  ELLIOTT,  Ph.D.,  University  of  Wis- 


SOURCE  BOOK  SERIES  IN  EDUCATION 


A  SOURCE  BOOK  IN  THE  HISTORY  OF  EDUCATION   FOR 

THE  GREEK  AND   ROMAN   PERIODS 
By  PAUL  MONROE,  Ph.D.,  Teachers  College,  Columbia  University. 

TO    BE    ISSUED 

A    SOURCE     BOOK     IN    STATE    AND    COUNTY    SCHOOL 

ADMINISTRATION 
By  ELLWOOD  P.  CUBBERLEY,  Ph.D.,  and  EDWARD  C.  ELLIOTT,  Ph.D. 

SELECTED    LEGAL     DECISIONS    RELATING    TO     EDUCA- 
TION 
By  EDWARD  C.  ELLIOTT. 


STATE    AND    COUNTY 

EDUCATIONAL 
REORGANIZATION 

THE   REVISED   CONSTITUTION   AND 

SCHOOL  CODE  OF  THE  STATE 

OF  OSCEOLA 


BY 


ELLWOOD    P.   CUBBERLEY 

PROFESSOR   OF  EDUCATION,   LELAND   STANFORD  JUNIOR 
UNIVERSITY 


gorfe 

THE    MACMILLAN   COMPANY 
1914 

All  rights  reserved 


COPYRIGHT,  1914, 
BY  THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY. 


Set  up  and  electrotyped.    Published  July,  1914. 


Snrtnontt 

J.  8.  Cashing  Co.  —  Berwick  &  Smith  Oo. 
Norwood,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 


Education 
Library 


PREFACE 

THE  revision  of  the  Article  on  Education  of  the  Consti- 
tution and  the  Revised  School  Code  which  follows  it,  for 
the  hypothetical  state  of  Osceola,  which  is  presented  in  the 
following  pages,  is  an  expression,  in  concrete  form,  of  cer- 
tain fundamental  principles  relating  to  the  administration  of 
public  education  in  the  United  States  which  the  author  of 
this  Constitution  and  Code,  in  collaboration  with  Professor 
Edward  C.  Elliott,  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  expects 
to  set  forth,  a  little  later,  in  a  book  to  be  entitled  Principles 
of  State  and  County  School  Administration.  It  was  origi- 
nally intended  that  this  Constitution  and  Code  should  form 
a  part  of  a  companion  volume  of  Sources,  —  a  volume  of  illus- 
trative supreme  court  decisions,  laws,  extracts  from  public 
documents,  etc.,  —  but  the  size  of  the  material  here  presented 
made  it  seem  desirable  that  this  be  issued  as  a  separate  vol- 
ume, as  will  also  be  done  in  the  case  of  the  Legal  Decisions. 

Osceola  is,  of  course,  a  hypothetical  state,  supposed  to  be 
located  somewhere  in  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley,  and  to 
contain  a  few  large  manufacturing  and  commercial  cities,  a 
number  of  smaller  cities,  and  large  and  important  rural  and 
agricultural  interests.  The  state  is  not  supposed  to  be  one 
of  more  than  average  size  or  wealth,  but  it  is  supposed  to  be 
one  which  has  recently  become  clearly  conscious  of  the  need 
and  purpose  of  public  education,  and  to  have  resolutely  set 
to  work  to  perfect  an  administrative  organization  for  its 
schools  capable  of  meeting  the  educational  needs  of  the 
future.  It  has  accordingly  made  education  an  important 
state  interest  in  its  new  constitution,  organized  a  strong  and 
helpful  state  department  of  education,  and  abolished  the 

V 

854846 


vi  Preface 

district  system  of  school  administration  for  a  county-unit 
system,  under  which  rapid  and  substantial  educational  prog- 
ress may  now  be  made. 

To  give  greater  concreteness  to  the  material  here  pre- 
sented the  supposed  comments  and  explanations  of  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  and  the  subsequent  Educational  Code 
Commission  are  appended  as  footnotes,  and  a  few  illustrative 
forms  are  added  in  an  Appendix.  The  analytical  table  of 
contents  of  the  Constitution  and  Code  will  display  the  plan 
of  educational  reorganization  adopted,  while  the  Index  will 
serve  to  locate  material  in  the  Constitution  or  the  Code. 

It  cannot  be  hoped  that  all  of  the  material  here  presented 
will  meet  with  general  approval.  Some  of  the  features  look 
clearly  to  the  future,  and  their  importance  may  not  at  first  be 
recognized.  There  may  also  be  some  important  omissions  in 
the  Code.  Many  minor  details,  contained  in  present-day 
School  Codes,  have  been  omitted  purposely,  as  unnecessary 
under  the  new  form  of  educational  organization  and  admin- 
istration here  presented.  In  its  larger  outlines,  though,  it 
is  felt  that  this  hypothetical  Constitution  and  Code  embody 
the  main  lines  along  which  we  must  travel  in  the  future 
if  substantial  educational  progress  is  to  be  made  by  our 
American  states. 

The  essential  features  of  this  Constitution  and  Code  are  a 
strong  and  useful  state  administrative  educational  organiza- 
tion, possessed  of  power  where  power  ought  to  be  central- 
ized, but  with  little  power  in  matters  of  essentially  local 
concern ;  the  county-unit  of  school  organization  and  admin- 
istration, with  a  business  and  professional  organization  capa- 
ble of  securing  important  educational  results;  the  abolition 
of  the  outworn  and  obstructive  district  system ;  the  elimina- 
tion of  party  politics  from  the  selection  of  expert  educational 
officers,  election  to  and  retention  of  these  positions  being 
based  on  merit  and  efficiency ;  the  concentration  of  authority 
with  and  responsibility  on  these  experts,  both  in  the  cities 


Preface  vii 

and  in  the  county-districts ;  the  uniting  of  library  and  school, 
and  provision  for  making  the  schools  community  centers ; 
the  provision  for  industrial  and  agricultural  education ;  the 
pooling  of  costs  on  a  large  scale,  with  a  view  to  equalizing 
largely  the  burdens  of  maintenance;  a  perfectly  definite 
yet  somewhat  complicated  scheme  for  the  apportionment 
of  funds,  designed  to  stimulate  and  reward  effort,  and  to 
penalize  inactivity ;  large  local  freedom,  so  that  each  local 
supervisory  unit  may  make  independent  progress,  as  it  de- 
sires, instead  of  being  tied  to  a  uniform  state  system;  a 
strong  state  system  for  the  certification  of  teachers  and  su- 
pervisory officers,  calculated  to  stimulate  professional  growth, 
and  under  which  each  new  certificate  means  added  knowledge 
and  professional  insight ;  a  follow-up  system  which  will  tend 
to  keep  teachers  in  service  professionally  alive ;  what  is 
believed  to  be  good  principles  governing  compulsory  attend- 
ance ;  and  a  clear  statement  of  the  relation  of  state  to  non- 
state  educational  effort. 

It  is  hoped  that  this  Constitution  and  Code  for  Osceola 
may  prove  useful  as  a  basis  for  discussion  to  students  of 
educational  administration  in  colleges  and  universities,  and 
suggestive  of  lines  of  reform  to  members  of  Educational 
Code  Commissions  and  legislatures,  and  to  students  of  edu- 
cational administration. 

ELLWOOD   P.   CUBBERLEY. 

STANFORD  UNIVERSITY,  CAL., 
February  10,  1914. 


ANALYTICAL  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

I.     REVISED   CONSTITUTION   OF   OSCEOLA, 

1913 

Article  IX.  Education 


SECT 
I. 

ION 

PAGB 

2. 

Scope  of  the  system  .... 

4 

3- 

A  state  school-system 

4 

4- 

Administration  of  the  system 

5 

5- 

Powers  and  duties  of  the  state  board 

5 

6. 

The  commissioner  of  education 

7 

7- 

The  state  school-fund 

8 

8. 

Taxation  for  education 

9 

9- 

County  educational  organization 

10 

10. 

School  corporations  and  taxation 

II 

n. 

Sectarian  schools 

ii 

12. 

Exemption  from  taxation  . 

12 

13- 

Courses  of  study  ;  text-books     /• 

12 

14. 

Term  ;  extension  education 

12 

'5- 

The  University  of  Osceola 

13 

II.     REVISED    SCHOOL   CODE 

TITLE  I.    ADMINISTRATIVE  ORGANIZATION 

CHAPTER   I.     STATE   EDUCATIONAL   ORGANIZATION 

Article  i.    The  State  \ 

i.  A  state  school-system        ........       17 

2     Scope  of  the  system  .........       18 

3.  Oversight  and  control         ........       18 

Article  2.   The  State  Board  of  Education 

4.  Appointment  and  term       ........       19 

5.  Organization  and  meetings         .......       19 


x  Analytical  Table  of  Contents 

SBCTION  PACK 

6.  Executive  officers       .........  20 

7.  General  powers  and  duties          .......  20 

8.  New  legislation  ..........  24 

9.  Administration  of  oaths     ........  24 


Article  3.    Tfe  State  Educational  Department 

10.   Organization  of  the  department          ......  24 

1  1  .   State  commissioner  of  education         ......  25 

12.  Divisions  of  the  state  department       ......  27 

(1)  Business  division          .......  27 

(2)  Legal  division       ......        .        .28 

(3)  Statistical  division        .......  29 

(4)  Library  and  extension  division      .....  29 

(5)  Museum  and  science-extension  division         ...  30 

(6)  Schoolhouse-construction  and  sanitation  division          .  30 

(7)  Child-welfare  division  .         .         .         .         .         -31 

(8)  Rural-  and  agricultural-education  division     .         .         -31 

(9)  Elementary-education  division       .....  32 
(10)  Secondary-education  division        .....  32 
(n)  Special-class-education  division    .....  32 

(12)  Examining,  certificating,  and  pensioning  division          .  33 

(13)  Training-of-teachers  division         .....  33 

(14)  Art  and  music  division          ......  34 

(15)  Industrial-  and  vocational-education  division         .         .  34 

(16)  Information  and  extension  division       ....  34 

(17)  Editorial  division          .         ......  35 

13.  Publications       ......         ....  35 

(1)  Monthly  circular  of  information     .....  35 

(2)  Bulletins       .........  35 

(3)  Annual  Reports    .         .......  36 

(4)  The  School  Code          .......  37 

CHAPTER  II.    COUNTY  EDUCATIONAL  ORGANIZATION 

Article  4.   County  Boards  of  Education 

14.  County  the  unit  of  organization          ......  38 

15.  County  boards  of  education        .......  38 

16.  Vacancies,  and  removal  from  office     ......  39 

17.  Meetings  of  county  boards          .......  39 

18.  Powers  and  duties      .........  39 


Analytical  Table  of  Contents  xi 

SECTION                 Article  5.    County  School  Officers  PAGK 

19.  County  superintendents  of  education 44 

20.  Other  officers  of  the  board 46 

21.  Assistant  superintendents  and  other  officers        ....  47 

22.  Advisory  educational  board 47 

23.  Superintendent's  powers  and  duties 48 

24.  Powers  and  duties  of  the  secretary 52 

25.  Powers  and  duties  of  other  county  educational  officers        .         .  54 

Article  6.   County  Educational  Reorganization 

26.  Control  of  existing  school-districts 55 

27.  Reorganization  commission -55 

28.  Survey  to  be  made 56 

29.  Powers  of  the  commission 56 

30.  Superintendent's  approval  of  plan       ......       57 

31.  Penalty  for  failure 58 

CHAPTER  III.    DISTRICT  EDUCATIONAL  ORGANIZATION 

Article  7.   Classification  and  Management  of  Districts 

32.  Classification  of  districts 

33.  County  school-districts 

Second-class  attendance-subdistricts 

First-class  attendance-subdistricts        ..... 
Joint  subdistricts 

34.  City  school-districts 

Second-class  city  school-districts 

First-class  city  school-districts 

35.  Existing  districts 

36.  Attendance-subdistrict  school  officers 

Second-class  attendance-subdistricts 

First-class  attendance-subdistricts 

37.  City  boards  of  education 

38.  Old  boards  may  continue 

39.  Creation  of  city  school-districts 

Article  8.    The  School  Elections 

40.  June  school  elections 67 

41.  Notices  of  elections 67 

42.  Nature  of  election  notices 68 

43.  Electors  and  ballots  .  69 

44.  Intent  of  this  article 69 


xii  Analytical  Table  of  Contents 

Article  o.   Powers  and  Duties  of  School  Boards 

SECTION  JACK 

45.  In  county  districts 70 

In  second-class  attendance-subdistricts        ....  70 

In  first-class  attendance-subdistricts 71 

46.  City  school-districts  of  the  second  class 72 

Article  10.   Educational  Organization  in  Cities  of 
the  First  Class 

47.  Organization  and  committees 76 

48.  Executive  officers 76 

49.  Division  of  powers  and  duties 76 

50.  The  superintendent  of  education 77 

51.  The  business  manager 78 

52.  The  superintendent  of  properties 78 

53.  The  superintendent  of  school  attendance 79 

54.  General  powers  and  duties  of  boards 79 

55.  Combined  city  and  county  governments 80 

TITLE  II.    THE  SYSTEM  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 

CHAPTER   IV.     ELEMENTARY   AND   SECONDARY 
INSTRUCTION 

Article  n.   General  Definitions 

56.  Extent 81 

57.  Classification  of  schools 81 

58.  Intermediate  schools 82 

59.  Basis  for  classification 82 

60.  Kindergartens 83 

61 .  Schools  for  special  classes 83 

62.  Special  schools  for  negroes 83 

Article  12.   Attendance  and  Term 

63.  Age  limits 84 

64.  Exclusion  from  school 85 

65.  Time  and  term 85 

66.  School  holidays 85 

67.  Definition  of  months  and  days .86 

Article  13.   Instruction 

68.  Elementary-school  instruction 86 

69.  Intermediate-school  instruction 87 


Analytical  Table  of  Contents  xiii 

SECTION  PAGE 

70.  Secondary-school  instruction 88 

71.  Language  of  instruction 88 

Article  14.   Secondary-school  Advantages 

72.  Types  of  schools  in  cities 89 

73.  Secondary-schools  in  county  districts 89 

74.  Approved  secondary-schools 89 

75.  Reasonable  advantages  must  be  provided 90 

76.  Commissioner  to  investigate 90 

77.  Admission  to  the  state  university 91 

CHAPTER  V.  VOCATIONAL  AND  SUPPLEMENTAL 
EDUCATION 

Article  15.    Vocational  Education 

78.  Work  provided  for .         .92 

79.  Definitions  of  work 92 

80.  Nature  of  instruction 92 

81.  County  schools  of  agriculture 93 

82.  Courses  of  instruction  in 94 

83.  City  industrial  and  trade  schools 94 

84.  Courses  of  instruction  in 95 

85.  Approval  and  certification 95 

Article  16.   Supplemental  Education 

86.  County  libraries 95 

87.  County  librarians 96 

88.  Central  and  branch  libraries 97 

89.  School  libraries  to  be  included 97 

90.  Cities  may  join 98 

91.  State  librarian  the  head 98 

92.  State  library  and  museum  to  cooperate 99 

CHAPTER   VI.     HIGHER   AND   PROFESSIONAL 
EDUCATION 

Article  17.    The  University  of  Osceola 

93.  Culmination  of  the  state  system 100 

94.  Government  of 100 

95.  Duties  and  powers  of  regents 101 

96.  Support 103 

97.  Instruction 103 


xiv  Analytical  Table  of  Contents 

SECTION  PAGE 

98.  Scope  of  instruction 104 

99.  State  university  the  standard 105 

TITLE  III.    SUPPORT  OF  THE  SYSTEM 

CHAPTER   VII.     FUNDS   AND   TAXATION 

Article  18.   State  Aid 

100.  The  state  school-fund 106 

101.  State  school-tax 106 

102.  State  board  expenses 107 

103.  Average  daily  attendance  denned 107 

104.  Local  school-funds 107 

Article  ig.   County  Taxation 

105.  County  school-tax 108 

Article  20.   District  Taxation 

106.  Estimating  the  district  tax 

107.  Subdistrict  taxes 

108.  Certifying  district  taxes  for  levy 

109.  Levy,  and  tax  limits 

no.  Fiscal  year 

CHAPTER   VIII.     APPORTIONMENT   OF   FUNDS 

Article  21.   Basis  of  Grants 

in.    State  school-fund  income 113 

112.  Apportionment  of  state  school-tax 113 

113.  Basis  of  apportionment 114 

I.    Teacher  grants 114 

II.    Extra  school  grants 116 

III.  Library  grants 118 

IV.  Consolidated-school  grants          .        .         .        .         .118 
V.   Attendance  grants 118 

114.  Division  of  the  state  apportionment 119 

115.  Apportionment  of  the  county  school-tax    .         .         .         .         .120 

116.  Apportionment  of  the  state  school-fund  income         .         .         .     120 

117.  County  treasurer  treasurer  for  all  districts    '  .         .         .121 

118.  Use  of  funds 121 

119.  County  treasurer  may  anticipate  revenue  .         .         .         .122 

120.  Basis  of  state  apportionment 123 


Analytical  Table  of  Contents  xv 

TITLE  IV.    ENVIRONMENT  AND  EQUIPMENT 

CHAPTER   IX.     SCHOOL   BUILDINGS 
Article  22.   Provision  of  Schools  Required 

SECTION  PAGE 

121.  Suitable  accommodations  required 125 

122.  Penalty  for  failure  to  provide  such 125 

123.  Use  of  school  buildings 126 

Article  23.   Plans  for  School  Buildings 

124.  State  may  provide  plans 126 

125.  Approval  of  plans 127 

126.  Plumbing  facilities ;  outbuildings 127 

127.  Sanitary  surveys  ;  condemnation  of  buildings  ....  128 

Article  24.   Erection  of  Buildings;  Bonding 

128.  Letting  of  contracts 128 

129.  Building  by  tax  or  by  bonding 129 

130.  School-district  bonds 129 

131.  Sale  and  redemption  of  bonds 130 

132.  Acquirement,  sale,  and  title  to  school  property          .         .         .  131 

133.  State  aid  for  consolidated  buildings 131 

134.  State  aid  for  county  schools  of  agriculture         ....  132 

Article  25.   Care  of  Buildings 

135.  Janitors'  certificates 132 

136.  Insurance  of  buildings 133 

CHAPTER  X.  HEALTH  AND  SANITARY  CONTROL 

Article  26.   Health  Inspections,  and  Purpose 

137.  Health  supervision  and  instruction  required      .         .         .         -134 

138.  State  certification  required 134 

139.  Purposes  of  the  work 135 

140.  Clinical  child-psychologist 136 

141.  Examinations  of  teachers  and  employees 137 

Article  27.   Sanitary  Control 

142.  Contagious  diseases 137 

143.  Vaccination  required 138 

144.  Exclusion  from  school 138 

145.  General  sanitary  control 139 


xvi  Analytical  Table  of  Contents 

CHAPTER  XI.     TEXT-BOOKS   AND   SUPPLIES 

Article  28.   Basis  of  Supply 

SECTION  PAGE 

146.  Unit  for  adoptions 140 

147.  State  approved  lists 140 

148.  Books  to  be  furnished  free 141 

149.  Free  school  supplies 142 

TITLE  V.    THE  TEACHING  FORCE 
CHAPTER  XII.     THE   TRAINING  OF  TEACHERS 

Article  29.   The  State  Normal  Schools 

150.  Schools  and  purpose 143 

151.  To  whom  open         .........  143 

152.  The  course  of  instruction 143 

153.  Government  of  each  school 144 

154.  Powers  of  boards  of  trustees 144 

155.  Graduates  entitled  to  certificates 145 

Article  30.   Local  Training-schools 

156.  County  training-classes 146 

157.  City  normal  schools                   146 

Article  31.    The  State  Teachers  College 

158.  Location 147 

159.  Purpose  of  the  college 147 

CHAPTER  XIII.     THE   CERTIFICATION   OF  TEACHERS 

Article  32.   Examining  and  Certificating  of  Teachers 

1 60.  Teachers'  certificates  required 148 

161.  Certificates  in  force  continued 148 

162.  A  state  system  of  certificating  . 149 

163.  Commissioner  to  determine  details 149 

164.  Interstate  comity 150 

165.  Number  of  examinations,  and  fees 150 

1 66.  Registration  of  certificates  required 151 

167.  Success  schedules 151 

1 68.  Yearly  success-grades 152 

169.  Suspension  and  revocation  of  certificates 153 


Analytical  Table  of  Contents  xvii 

Article  33.   Forms  of  Certificates  Granted 
A.   Kindergarten  Certificates 

SECTION  PACK 

170.  Basis  of  granting 154 

171.  Permanent  kindergarten  certificate 154 

B.  Elementary-school  Certificates 

172.  Grades  of  and  requirements  for 155 

I.    Second-grade  certificate 155 

II.   First-grade  certificate 156 

173.  Validity  and  renewals  of 157 

174.  Permanent  elementary-school  certificate    .....  158 

C.  Intermediate-school  Certificates 

175.  Requirements  for 159 

176.  Validity;  permanent  form 160 

D.   Secondary-school  Certificates 

177.  Requirements  for 161 

178.  Validity  and  renewals 162 

179.  Permanent  secondary-school  certificates 162 

E.  Supervisory  Certificates 

1 80.  Grades  and  requirements  for 163 

I.    Second-grade  certificate 163 

II.    First-grade  certificate 164 

181.  Validity  and  renewals 164 

182.  Permanent  supervisory  certificates 165 

F.    Vocational-education  Certificates 

183.  For  what  work  issued 166 

184.  Regular  vocational  certificates 166 

185.  Certificates  to  state  subjects 167 

186.  Validity  of 167 

187.  Permanent  vocational  certificates 168 

188.  Special  vocational  certificates 168 

189.  Issue  and  validity 169 

G.  Special  Certificates 

190.  To  whom  issued 169 

191.  Validity  of  special  certificates 170 


xviii  Analytical  Table  of  Contents 

SECTION  PAGE 

192.  Health-officer's  certificate 171 

193.  Librarian's  certificate 171 

194.  School  janitor's  certificate 171 

H.   Provisional  Certificates 

195.  County  superintendents  may  issue 171 

I.   City-district  Certificates 

196.  State  certificates  valid  in  cities 172 

197.  City-district  professional  examinations 172 

CHAPTER  XIV.  APPOINTMENT,  TENURE,  PAY, 
AND  PENSIONS 

Article  34.   Appointment  and  Tenure 

198.  By  whom  appointed 173 

199.  Preliminary  appointments 173 

200.  Indefinite  tenure 174 

201.  Termination  of  contract 174 

202.  Causes  for  dismissal 175 

203.  Appeal  from  decisions .         •  *75 

204.  Tenure  of  superintendents 175 

Article  35.   Pay  of  Teachers 

205.  A  merit  basis 176 

Article  36.   Pensions 

206.  Plan  to  be  provided 176 

207.  Basis  of  the  pensioning  plan 177 

CHAPTER  XV.     TRAINING   OF  TEACHERS    IN 
SERVICE 

Article  37.   Reading  Circles 

208.  State  reading-circle  board 178 

209.  Work  of  this  board 178 

210.  Contracts  for  books 179 

211.  State  syllabus  to  be  issued 179 

212.  Books  to  be  studied 180 

213.  Reading-circle  examinations 180 

214.  Success-grades  on  reading-circle  work 180 


Analytical  Table  of  Contents  xix 

SECTION  PAGE 

215.  Validation  of  certificates  for  teaching 181 

216.  Exemptions  from  reading-circle  work 181 

Article  38.   Teachers'  Institutes 

217.  Local  teachers1  meetings  and  institutes 182 

218.  Annual  county  and  city  institutes 182 

219.  State  department  of  education  to  assist 183 

220.  State  district-institutes 183 

TITLE  VI.    STATE  OVERSIGHT  AND  CONTROL 

CHAPTER  XVI.     THE   STATE   AND   THE  CHILD 

Article  39.    The  School  Census 

221.  New  census  to  be  taken 185 

222.  Tabulation  of  results 186 

223.  A  continuing  census 187 

224.  Maintaining  the  continuing  census   .         .         .         .         .         .187 

225.  Teachers  and  schools  must  cooperate 188 

226.  Census  board  in  cities  of  the  first  class 189 

Article  40.   Compulsory  Education 

227.  Age  limits,  and  exemptions 190 

228.  Attendance  at  other  than  public  schools 192 

229.  Duty  of  person  in  parental  relation 192 

230.  All  schools  to  report 193 

231.  Private  and  parochial  schools  to  cooperate        ....  194 

232.  Attendance  officers  to  enforce 195 

233.  Arrest  of  truants 195 

234.  Definition  of  habitual-truant  and  school-offender       .         .        .  196 

235.  Parental-home  schools 197 

236.  Commitment  to  a  parental-home  school 198 

237.  Paroled  children 200 

238.  Poor-relief  for 200 

239.  Blind,  deaf,  and  dumb  children 201 

Article  41.   Child  Labor 

240.  When  children  must  not  work 202 

241.  Age-certificates  and  working-permits 203 

242.  Papers  required  for  working-permits 204 

243.  Nature  and  use  of  working-permits 205 

244.  Employers  must  exhibit  permits 205 


xx  Analytical  Table  of  Contents 


245.  Illiterate  minors 206 

246.  Penalty  for  not  attending 206 

Article  42.   General  Control 

247.  State  board  to  make  regulations 207 

248.  Commissioner  of  education  may  remove  attendance  officers       .  207 

249.  Disposition  of  fines  ........  207 

Article  43.   Education  of  Defectives  and  Dependents 

250.  State  and  local  provisions  for 208 

CHAPTER  XVII.     THE    STATE   AND   NON-STATE 
EFFORT 

Article  44.   Private  and  Parochial  Schools 

251.  Public  education  not  exclusive 209 

252.  Approval  of  schools  for  attendance 209 

253.  Appeal  from  the  decision 210 

254.  All  private  and  parochial  schools  to  report        .         .         .         .211 

255.  State  cooperation  with      . 211 

256.  Exemption  from  taxation 212 

Article  45.   Degree-conferring  Institutions 

257.  State  supervision  of 212 

258.  Exemption  from  taxation  of 213 

Article  46.   Designation  and  Intent  of  Act 

259.  Official  title 213 

260.  Intent  of  act;  repealing  clause 213 

261.  When  to  take  effect 214 

262.  Initial  appropriation 214 

APPENDICES 

A.  Statistics  as  to  the  State  of  Osceola 216 

B.  Estimated  cost  for  the  State  Department  of  Education,  as  required 

by  Chapter  I 218 

C.  Estimated  state  grants,  as  required  by  Chapter  VIII    .         .         .  223 

D.  County  educational  reorganization,  as  required  by  Chapter  II, 

Article  6,  illustrated  by  Chippewa  County    ....  225 

E.  The  new  state  apportionment  plan  illustrated  by  the  apportion- 

ment sheet  for  Chippewa  County          .....  239 

F.  Selected  success-grades 242 

Index  to  the  code 253 


REVISED   CONSTITUTION 


ARTICLE   IX 
EDUCATION 


THE   STATE   OF   OSCEOLA 
CONSTITUTION   OF    1913 

[The  following  revised  constitution  is  assumed  to  have  been 
framed  and  adopted  by  the  people  in  1913,  and  the  School 
Code  of  1914,  which  follows,  is  based  upon  it.  Comments 
by  the  Constitutional  Convention  and  the  Code  Commission 
are  appended  as  footnotes  to  each. 

This  article  is  in  keeping  with  the  more  recent  tendencies, 
and  is  longer  than  the  equivalent  article  it  displaces.  At 
the  same  time  it  is  less  minutely  specific.  It  embodies  in  the 
fundamental  law  the  main  outlines  of  the  school  system,  with- 
out the  rigidity  in  details  which  characterized  the  former 
constitution.] 

ARTICLE  IX.    EDUCATION 

Sec.  i.  Mandate.  —  A  general  diffusion  of  knowledge, 
learning,  and  virtue  throughout  the  state  being  essential  to 
the  preservation  of  republican  institutions  and  the  happiness 
of  mankind,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  to 
encourage,  by  all  suitable  means,  moral,  intellectual,  hygienic, 
scientific,  industrial,  and  agricultural  improvement;  to  aid 
in  the  inculcation  of  the  principles  of  humanity,  benevolence, 
economy,  industry,  honesty,  and  sobriety;  and  to  provide 
by  law  for  a  general  and  a  uniform  state  system  of  public 
instruction,  wherein  tuition  shall  be  free,  and  which  shall 
provide  equal  opportunity  for  all.1 

1  The  former  age  limits  are  hereby  repealed,  leaving  the  extent  of  the  system 
to  be  determined  by  the  general  assembly,  and  the  schools  to  be  open  to  all 
who  can  use  them.  The  clause  "equal  opportunity  for  all"  supersedes  the 
clause  "equally  open  to  all"  of  the  old  constitution. 

3 


4  Educational  Reorganization 

Sec.  2.  Scope  of  the  system.  —  The  system  of  public 
instruction  provided  shall  include  elementary  and  secondary 
schools,  normal  schools,  and  the  state  university,  and  may 
include  such  additional  schools  or  forms  of  public  instruction 
as  are  enumerated  in  Sec.  14  of  this  article,  or  as  may  be 
directed  or  authorized  by  the  general  assembly.1  In  provid- 
ing by  law  for  the  general  and  uniform  system  of  public  in- 
struction required  to  be  established,  the  general  assembly 
may  classify  the  school  corporations  or  districts  of  the  state 
on  the  basis  of  size  or  form  of  organization,  and  grant  differ- 
ent powers  and  duties  to  the  different  classifications;  and 
may  also  permit  school  districts  to  so  classify  their  schools 
as  to  separate  those  who  are  over-aged,  defective,  delinquent, 
or  of  the  negro  race,  if  such  classification  will,  in  its  judg- 
ment, tend  to  promote  better  the  objects  for  which  the  public 
school  system  has  been  established.2 

Sec.  3.  A  state  school-system.  —  The  school-system  of 
this  state  is  hereby  declared  to  be  a  state  school-system,  as 
opposed  to  a  series  of  local  and  independent  school-systems, 
provided  by  the  state  in  the  exercise  of  its  own  inherent  right 
of  preservation  and  improvement ;  and  the  different  county- 
and  city-district  school-corporations  are  to  be  regarded  as 
separate  and  distinct  corporations  from  the  civil  corporations 
with  which  they  may  be  wholly  or  partly  coterminous.  While 
the  different  school-corporations  may  be  given  large  inde- 
pendent authority  by  the  general  assembly,  they  never- 
theless derive  their  powers  from  the  state,3  rather  than  from 
the  county  or  city,  and  such  powers  are  capable  of  altera- 

1  The  former  minute  listing  of  types  of  schools  is  here  omitted.    The  idea 
has  been  to  enumerate  only  the  continuous  ones,  leaving  to  time  and  the  people 
the  broadening  of  the  system  established. 

2  This  is  to  prevent  rigidity  and  a  uniformity  which  restricts  advance,  and 
also  to  permit  of  such  segregations  as  educational  interests  demand. 

J  This  section  has  been  inserted  in  the  new  constitution  to  define  clearly  the 
state  power. 


Revised  Constitution  5 

tion,  extension,  or  revocation  by  the  state.  To  see  that  the 
state  purpose  in  creating  a  system  of  public  instruction  is 
properly  carried  out,  a  state  department  of  education  is  hereby 
created. 

Sec.  4.  Administration  of  the  system.  —  A  state  depart- 
ment of  education  is  hereby  created,1  and  it  is  intrusted  with 
the  general  administration  of  the  system  of  public  instruction 
to  be  provided  for  by  law.  At  the  head  of  this  department 
shall  be  a  state  board  of  education,  to  be  composed  of  seven 
citizens,  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor,2  one  each  year, 
and  for  seven-year  terms,  except  that  the  first  seven  appoint- 
ments shall  be  classified  by  the  governor  as  to  length  of  term 
so  as  to  provide  for  such  future  annual  appointments.  The 
members  shall  receive  their  actual  traveling  and  other  neces- 
sary expenses,  and  such  honorarium  or  per  diem  as  shall  be 
determined  by  the  general  assembly.  The  governor  shall 
also  appoint  to  fill  any  vacancy,  and  for  the  unexpired  term. 
This  board  shall  be  kept  free  from  political,  racial,  or  sec- 
tarian influences,  and,  in  making  the  appointments,  the 
governor  shall  be  influenced  by  no  other  considerations  than 
merit  and  personal  fitness. 

Sec.  5.  Powers  and  duties  of  the  state  board.  —  The 
state  board  of  education  shall  appoint  its  own  executive 
officers,  assistants,  and  agents,  without  restrictions  as  to 
residence,  and  shall  fix  their  terms  and  compensations,  as  pro- 
vided for  by  law;  shall  have  general  oversight  and  control 
of,  and  shall  strive  constantly  to  improve,  the  system  of 
public  instruction  provided  by  the  state ;  shall  require  reports 

1  The  idea  here  is  to  create  a  real  state  department,  capable  of  handling  large 
business  in  a  businesslike  manner. 

2  Some  at  first  preferred  election  by  the  people,  but  appointment  was  finally 
chosen  as  more  likely  to  enlist  the  services  of  the  best  citizens  of  the  state. 
It  was  desired  to  secure  a  board  as  capable  as  the  university  regents  or  the 
state  public  service  commission  have  been.    The  old  ex-officio  board,  composed 
of  state  officials,  ceases  to  exist. 


6  Educational  Reorganization 

from  all  educational  institutions  and  parts  of  institutions, 
supported  wholly  or  in  part  by  the  state,  and  from  all  public- 
school  corporations  in  the  state,  and  may  require  reports 
from  all  other  institutions,  associations,  organizations,  or 
corporations  engaged  in  any  form  of  educational  work ; 1 
shall  see  that  the  educational  laws  of  the  state  are  properly 
enforced ;  shall  have  power  to  classify  the  schools  of  the  state, 
public  and  private,  and  to  regulate  the  conferring  of  degrees 
and  diplomas;  shall  have  exclusive  control  of  the  certifica- 
tion of  teachers  throughout  the  state;  shall  have  power  to 
adopt  rules  and  regulations  for  the  sanitary  inspection  and 
approval  of  school  buildings,  and,  in  connection  with  the 
state  board  of  health,  for  the  physical  examination  and  im- 
provement of  school  children  and  school  employees ;  may 
make  rules  and  regulations,  not  inconsistent  with  law,  for 
the  government  of  the  schools  of  the  state,  or  for  the  direc- 
tion of  its  executive  officers ;  shall  act  as  a  board  of  control 
for  the  state  library  and  the  state  museum  ; 2  shall  have  general 
supervision  of  the  educational  departments  of  all  charitable, 
penal,  or  reformatory  institutions  maintained  by  the  state ; 3 
all  schools  or  classes  maintained  by  the  state,  or  by  any 
school  district,  for  the  training  of  teachers  for  the  state;4 
shall  prepare  and  transmit  to  the  general  assembly,  bien- 
nially, a  detailed  budget  covering  the  needed  expenses  of  the 

1  The  purpose  of  this  is  not  to  crowd  private  or  parochial  institutions,  but 
to  enable  the  state  board  of  education  to  know  what  are  the  educational  resources 
and  activities  of  this  state. 

2  These  are  essentially  educational  institutions,  and  should  be  under  a  state 
department  of  education,   and  coordinated   closely  with  other  educational 
efforts. 

3  This  is  to  secure  a  better  coordination  of  the  educational  efforts  of  the 
state.     This  is  particularly  needed  in  this  state,  in  the  case  of  the  reformatory 
schools  and  the  schools  for  defectives.     Only  very  incidentally  have  these  in- 
stitutions been  educational  in  the  past. 

4  To  secure  a  coordination  of  effort  and  the  maintenance  of  standards.     Uni- 
formity is  not  intended,  or  necessary. 


Revised  Constitution  7 

state  department  of  education,  the  state  normal  schools,  the 
state  library,  the  state  museum,  and  such  other  educational 
institutions,  maintained  by  the  state,  as  may  in  the  future  be 
placed  under  its  control ;  shall  make  an  annual  report *  to  the 
governor,  which  shall  be  printed  and  distributed  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  state ;  and  shall  perform 
such  additional  duties  as  may  be  assigned  to  it,  from  time  to 
time,  by  the  general  assembly.  The  state  board  of  educa- 
tion shall  have  power,  and  it  shall  be  their  duty,  to  recommend 
to  the  general  assembly  needed  or  desirable  changes  in  the 
educational  legislation  of  the  state,  and  to  this  end  may  sub- 
mit to  it  proposed  changes  or  additions  in  the  form  of  general 
recommendations  or  prepared  bills,  and,  if  submitted  as  bills, 
such  must  be  referred  to  the  proper  committees  in  both  the 
house  of  representatives  and  the  senate. 

Sec.  6.  The  Commissioner  of  Education.  —  The  state 
board  of  education  shall  appoint,  as  its  chief  executive  officer, 
a  commissioner  of  education,2  and  fix  his  compensation,  which 
shall  not  be  diminished  during  his  term  of  office.  The  board 
shall  also  elect  him  for  such  period  of  time  as  it  may  see  fit, 
and  he  shall  not  be  dismissed  during  such  term  except  for 
cause  and  by  the  votes  of  at  least  five  members  of  the  board. 
He  shall  act  as  the  chief  executive  officer  of  the  board,  and 
of  the  state  -department  of  education ;  shall  execute,  under 
direction,  all  educational  policies  determined  upon  by  the 


1  Education  is  not,  like  the  meeting  of  the  general  assembly,  a  biennial 
affair.  Each  year  of  school  work  is  a  unit  in  itself,  and  the  reports  for  each  year 
should  be  made  when  ready.  Under  the  new  administration  there  will  be 
enough  to  report  each  year  to  fill  a  good-sized  volume. 

1  This  abolishes  the  politically-elected  superintendent  of  public  instruction 
and  substitutes  an  appointed  commissioner  in  his  place.  The  position  is  here 
placed  on  the  same  basis  for  appointment  as  is  the  presidency  of  the  state  uni- 
versity, and  should  be  made  a  position  of  equal  importance,  commanding  the 
services  of  a  person  of  equal  quality.  If  filled  properly,  it  is  really  a  more  diffi- 
cult position  to  find  a  suitable  person  for. 


8  Educational  Reorganization 

state  board  of  education ;  and  shall  interpret,  by  decisions,  the 
meaning  and  intent  of  the  School  Code,  and  shall  serve  as  a 
court  of  final  appeal  in  controversies  arising  over  any  matter 
coming  within  the  scope  of  the  powers  delegated  by  law  to 
school  authorities.1 

Sec.  7.  The  state  school-fund.  —  The  state  school-fund 
shall  consist  of  all  school-section  and  other  lands  heretofore 
or  hereafter  granted  to  this  state  by  the  national  government, 
for  the  use  of  public  schools ;  of  the  proceeds  of  the  five  hun- 
dred acres  of  land,  granted  to  new  states ;  the  five  per  centum 
of  public-land-sales  fund;  the  saline  fund;  the  swamp-land 
fund ;  any  lands  or  money  hereafter  granted  by  Congress  to 
this  state,  in  payment  of  old  obligations  or  otherwise,  where 
no  specific  use  for  such  grant  is  named  by  Congress;  all 
lands  or  estates  which  may  escheat  to  the  state,  for  want  of 
will  or  heirs;  all  property  given  or  bequeathed  to  the  state 
for  education,  or  where  no  purpose  is  specified ;  all  forfeited 
apportionments  from  the  state  school-fund  or  school-tax; 
all  fines  or  penalties  inflicted  on  public-school  corporations, 
or  on  non-state  educational  agencies,  for  failure  to  observe 
the  educational  laws  of  the  state;  and  any  appropriations 
made  for  the  purpose  or  funds  diverted  from  other  sources 
by  the  general  assembly.  This  fund  shall  remain  forever 
inviolate  and  irreducible,  and  any  losses  which  may  occur  in 
its  management  must  be  replaced  from  income  by  the  state 
board  of  education.  The  management  and  investment  of  the 
fund  shall  be  in  the  hands  of  the  state  board  of  education,  and 
the  general  assembly  shall  have  no  power  to  appropriate, 
borrow,  loan,  or  invest  the  principal  or  the  income  of  such 

1  This  provides  for  a  quick,  cheap,  and  intelligent  decision  on  all  controverted 
points  under  the  school  law,  and  for  an  intelligent  interpretation  of  the  law, 
without  the  necessity  of  employing  a  lawyer  or  undergoing  long  delay.  The 
commissioner  would,  of  course,  not  be  exempt  from  the  supervision  of  the  courts, 
if  acting  beyond  the  scope  of  his  powers. 


Revised  Constitution  9 

fund,  under  any  pretext  whatsoever ; 1  nor  shall  the  state 
board  of  education  ever  invest  any  of  the  principal  of  the  fund 
in  any  bonds  of  this  state,  or  any  subdivision  of  this  state, 
except  where  such  bonds  meet  the  savings-bank  requirements 
of  the  state,2  are  purchased  in  the  open  market  or 
by  competitive  bidding,  and  where  an  adequate  provision  for 
their  redemption  has  been  made.3  The  income  from  the  fund, 
including  any  rentals  from  unsold  lands,  together  with  the  state 
tax  or  appropriation  for  schools,  shall  be  apportioned  each 
year  to  the  different  school  corporations  of  this  state,  and  in 
such  a  manner,  to  be  provided  by  law,  as  will  tend  best  to 
equalize  both  the  burdens  and  the  advantages  of  education 
throughout  the  state.4 

Sec.  8.  Taxation  for  Education.  —  The  general  assembly 
shall  supplement  the  income  from  the  state  school-fund  by  a 
general  state  school-tax,  or  an  appropriation,  which  shall 
not  be  less  in  amount  than  twenty  dollars  for  each  pupil 
in  average  daily  attendance  in  the  public  elementary  and 
secondary  schools  of  the  state  the  preceding  year.  If  the 
legislature  deems  best,  the  support  of  secondary  and  technical 

1  This  is  to  prevent  the  general  assembly  from  confiscating  the  school-fund, 
as  has  happened  in  a  number  of  other  states,  and  been  attempted  from  time  to 
time  in  this. 

a  This  removes  the  old  restriction  in  the  investment  to  state  and  national 
bonds,  and  opens  the  investment  market  to  any  standard  security,  either  within 
or  without  the  state.  In  general,  bonds  of  the  state  are  not  so  good  an  invest- 
ment as  bonds  of  some  other  state,  or  of  a  municipality  or  corporation,  as,  in 
case  of  default,  collection  is  much  more  difficult. 

*  This  is  a  corollary  to  the  preceding  clause.  Without  this  provision  and 
the  preceding  one,  it  would  be  easy  to  invest  the  school-fund  in  state  bonds,  and 
then  appropriate  the  fund  to  pay  the  bonds  at  maturity  and  issue  a  perpetual 
"certificate  of  indebtedness"  to  the  school-fund,  thus  confiscating  the  fund. 
This  has  been  done  in  a  number  of  states. 

4  This  repeals  the  old  requirement  for  a  distribution  on  school  census,  and 
opens  the  way  for  a  distribution  based  on  the  needs  of  the  schools.  The  one 
requirement  is  that  the  distribution  shall  be  equitable,  and  shall  tend  to  equalize 
both  the  burdens  and  the  advantages  of  education. 


io  Educational  Reorganization 

education  may  be  segregated  from  that  for  elementary  edu- 
cation. A  general  county  school-tax  must  also  be  levied  in 
each  county,  which  must  not  be  less  in  amount  than  the  min- 
imum set  for  the  state  school-tax.1  The  general  assembly 
may  authorize  such  other  forms  of  taxation,  for  educational 
purposes,  and  such  increases  in  the  minima  here  stated,  as  it 
may  from  time  to  time  deem  wise. 

Sec.  9.  County  educational  organization.  —  The  general 
assembly  shall  provide  for  the  general  election  of  a  county 
board  of  education  2  for  each  county,  and  for  the  county-unit 
of  school  administration.  Each  county  board  of  education 
shall  have  general  supervision  and  control  of  the  public  school 
system  of  the  county ;  except  that  cities,  having  city  boards 
of  education,  maintaining  a  complete  elementary  and  second- 
ary school-system,  and  employing  a  city  superintendent  of 
schools,  are  to  have  separate  authority  in  the  matter  of  super- 
vision, the  selection  of  text-books  to  be  used,  the  outlining  in 
detail  of  the  courses  of  instruction,  the  employment  of  teachers, 
supervisors,  and  other  employees,  and  the  determination, 
under  the  provisions  of  law,  of  the  scope  of  the  school-system 
to  be  maintained.3  Each  county  and  each  city  board  of 
education  shall  have  full  power  to  appoint  its  own  executive 
officers,  supervisors,  and  assistants,  without  restrictions  as  to 
residence,  and  shall  fix  their  compensation ;  shall  have  general 
oversight  and  control  of  the  schools  under  its  jurisdiction, 
to  the  extent  and  in  the  manner  to  be  provided  by  law ;  and 

1  While  these  rates  are  materially  higher  than  those  previously  in  force,  they 
are  not  too  high  when  the  enlarged  scope  of  the  school-system  and  the  higher 
salaries  provided  for  are  considered. 

2  The  unit  being  smaller  here,  it  was  deemed  desirable  to  leave  this  body  to 
general  election,  especially  as  the  county  superintendent  of  education  is  now 
being  taken  from  the  elective  column. 

3  That  the  unit  of  supervision  should  be  the  unit  for  administration  in  all 
matters  involving  close  local  adjustment  seemed  to  the  convention  to  be  of 
fundamental  importance. 


Revised  Constitution  n 

shall  determine  and  certify  for  levy  the  necessary  additional 
taxes  for  education.  Each  county  board  of  education  shall 
also  apportion  the  proceeds  of  all  state  and  county  school-funds 
and  taxes  for  schools  to  the  different  school-corporations  within 
the  county,  as  provided  by  law,  and  to  the  different  schools 
maintained  by  the  board  in  such  manner  as  will  tend  best  to 
equalize  the  advantages  of  education  throughout  the  county ; 
shall  make  an  annual  report  to  the  state  department  of  edu- 
cation, in  such  form  as  may  be  required ;  and  shall  perform 
such  other  functions  and  duties  as  may  be  assigned  to  them, 
from  time  to  time,  by  the  general  assembly. 

Sec.  10.  School-corporations  and  taxation.  —  Each  county 
and  city  school-corporation,  created  by  the  general  assembly 
for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  mandate  of  this  constitu- 
tion, requiring  it  to  provide  for  a  uniform  and  general  system 
of  free  public  instruction,  shall  be  governed  by  the  laws  of 
the  state  relating  to  education,  and  shall  have  the  right  to 
certify  for  levy  its  taxes  for  educational  purposes,  within  the 
limits  set  and  as  provided  for  by  law,  without  interference  by 
the  authorities  of  any  municipal  corporation  of  which  it  may 
be  coterminous  or  may  form  a  part.1 

Sec.  u.  Sectarian  schools.  —  Neither  the  general  assem- 
bly nor  any  county,  city,  or  other  public  corporation  shall 
ever  make  any  appropriation  from  any  public  fund,  except 
for  purposes  of  inspection  or  examination,  or  grant  any  public 
land  in  aid  of  any  sectarian  or  denominational  school  or  col- 
lege, or  any  educational  institution  which  is  not  under  the 
exclusive  control  of  the  officers  of  the  public  school-system 
of  the  state;  no  sectarian  or  denominational  doctrine  shall 
be  taught,  or  instruction  therein  permitted,  in  any  public 

1  This  section  is  necessary  to  insure  progress  and  to  prevent  councils  and 
boards  of  supervisors  from  cutting  down  the  school  estimates,  without  other 
reasons  than  a  desire  to  maintain  a  low  tax-rate,  or  to  allow  for  large  expendi- 
tures in  some  other  department  of  government. 


12  Educational  Reorganization 

school  or  educational  institution  of  the  state;  nor  shall  any 
religious  test  or  religious  qualification  ever  be  required  of  any 
person,  either  as  teacher  or  student,  as  a  condition  of  admis- 
sion to  or  continuance  in  any  public  school  or  educational 
institution  in  this  state.1 

Sec.  12.  Exemption  from  taxation.  —  The  general  assem- 
bly may  provide,  by  general  law,  for  the  exemption  from 
taxation  of  such  property  as  is  actually  used  for  educational 
purposes,  of  such  schools,  colleges,  universities,  free  libraries 
and  museums,  and  other  educational  institutions,  not  con- 
ducted for  profit  and  engaged  in  the  promotion  of  learning  and 
virtue  in  this  state;  provided,  such  are  open  to  inspection 
by  the  public  educational  authorities  of  this  state,  acting 
under  the  direction  of  and  in  accordance  with  the  general 
rules  and  regulations  provided  therefor  by  the  state  board  of 
education,  and  further  provided  that  such  are  approved  as 
at  least  equal  in  standard,  for  the  work  attempted,  with 
the  public  educational  institutions  of  similar  grade  and 
character.2 

Sec.  13.  Courses  of  study ;  text-books.  —  The  general 
assembly  may,  from  time  to  time,  change  or  add  to  the  statu- 
tory school  subjects,  and  the  state  board  of  education  may  is- 
sue suggestive  courses  and  plans,  but  the  arrangement  and 
working  out  of  the  courses  of  instruction,  and  the  selection  of 
all  text-books  to  be  used,  shall  always  be  left  to  the  different 
county  or  city  units  of  supervision.  All  text-books  and 
necessary  school  supplies  must  be  furnished  free  of  charge  by 
the  county  or  city  school-districts. 

Sec.  14.  Term ;  extension  education.  —  The  general  as- 
sembly shall  provide  whereby  at  least  an  eight  months' 

1  This  section  is  unchanged  from  the  old  constitution. 

2  The  convention  felt  that  this  was  but  just,  and  inserted  this  new  section. 
It  provides  exemption  only  after  inspection  and  approval,  and  hence  will  aid 
and  not  injure  any  worthy  school. 


Revised  Constitution  13 

term  of  school 1  shall  be  maintained  each  year  in  all  of  the 
regular  day  schools  of  the  state ;  may  require  the  compulsory 
attendance  of  any  or  all  classes  of  children  at  some  approved 
school  for  such  period  of  time  as  the  schools  are  in  session ;  and 
shall  see  that  proper  provision  is  made  for  the  care  and  edu- 
cation of  the  delinquent,  defective,  and  dependent  classes  of 
children.  Any  school-corporation  may  provide,  or  may  be 
required  by  general  law  to  provide : — kindergartens;  schools 
for  the  education  of  delinquent,  defective,  and  dependent 
children ;  schools  for  education  in  trade,  industry,  agriculture, 
or  domestic  arts;  schools  for  the  education  of  adults;  for 
vacation  schools,  and  for  playgrounds  for  children;  for  free 
public  libraries  and  museums;  or  for  such  other  types  of 
public  education  or  educational  institutions  as  may,  in  the 
future,  be  included  by  the  general  assembly  as  a  part  of  the 
educational  system  of  the  state.2 

Sec.  15.  The  University  of  Osceola.  —  The  University  of 
Osceola  shall  constitute  a  public  trust,  and  its  organization 
and  government  shall  be  continued  in  the  form  and  character 
prescribed  by  the  organic  act  creating  the  same,  subject  only 
to  such  legislative  control  as  may  be  necessary  to  secure  com- 
pliance with  the  terms  of  its  creation  and  endowment,  and 
the  proper  investment  and  security  of  its  funds.  It  shall  be 
independent  of  all  political,  racial,  and  sectarian  influences, 
and  shall  be  kept  free  therefrom  in  the  appointment  of  its 
regents  and  faculty,  and  in  the  administration  of  its  affairs. 
No  person  shall  ever  be  barred  from  admission  to  any  of  the 
colleges,  schools,  or  departments  of  the  university  on  account 

1  Under  the  new  taxation  and  apportionment  plans  it  was  felt  that  the  time 
was  ripe  to  increase  the  minimum  term  from  six  to  eight  months,  and  to  leave 
the  way  open  for  a  further  increase  to  nine  months,  later  on,  and  for  schools 
all  the  year  round  in  the  large  cities. 

2  Like  Sec.  2,  this  leaves  the  way  open  for  future  growth,  and  for  the  addi- 
tion of  new  types  of  schools,  without  the  necessity  of  amending  the  constitu- 
tion each  time,  as  has  been  the  case  in  the  past. 


14  Educational  Reorganization 

of  race,  sex,  or  sect.  The  seminary  fund,  and  the  fund  for  the 
endowment  of  a  college  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts, 
shall  be  kept  inviolate,  and  shall  be  applied  exclusively  to  the 
promotion  of  the  objects  for  which  they  were  given  by  Con- 
gress. These  funds  shall  be  invested  by  the  regents  in  the 
same  kind  of  securities  as  are  permitted  for  the  state  school- 
fund,  and  under  the  same  conditions.  No  permanent  fund 
of  any  kind  belonging  to  the  university  may  ever  be  appro- 
priated, borrowed,  loaned,  or  invested  by  the  general  assem- 
bly.1 The  general  assembly  may  establish  such  branches  or 
stations  of  the  university,  for  literary,  scientific,  technical, 
agricultural,  economic,  or  extension  instruction  as  may  seem 
desirable,  and  may  discontinue  the  same  when  they  no  longer 
serve  the  purpose  of  their  establishment. 

1  This,  like  Sec.  7,  is  designed  to  prevent  the  confiscation  of  the  funds  by  the 
legislature.  The  less  the  legislature  has  to  do  with  school  or  university  funds 
the  safer  they  are  likely  to  be. 


REVISED   SCHOOL   CODE 


STATE   OF   OSCEOLA 
REVISED   SCHOOL   CODE 

[This  Revised  School  Code  was  drawn  up  by  an  officially 
appointed  Educational  Code  Commission,  and  was  accepted 
by  the  legislature  substantially  as  submitted.  The  explana- 
tory comments  of  the  Code  Commission  have  been  retained 
as  footnotes. 

It  may  add  to  clearness  in  reading  this  Code  to  remember 
that  each  county  is  one  school-district,  except  as  cities,  under 
city  boards  of  education,  are  created  within  the  county. 
These  are  then  known  as  city  school-districts,  as  distinct 
from  the  county  school-districts.  All  other  subdivisions  of  the 
county,  for  attendance  and  other  school  purposes,  are  known 
as  county  attendance-subdistricts.] 

Laws  of  1914,  Chap.  101. 

AN  ACT  to  amend  the  School  Code,  generally. 

(In  effect,  July  i,  1914,  except  as  elsewhere  stated.) 
The  People  of  the  State  of  Osceola,  represented  in  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives,  do  enact  as  follows :  — 

TITLE  I.     ADMINISTRATIVE   ORGANIZATION 
CHAPTER  I.   STATE  EDUCATIONAL  ORGANIZATION 

ARTICLE  i.    THE  STATE 

Sec.  i.  A  state  system.  —  A  general  and  uniform  state 
system  *  of  public  instruction  shall  be  maintained  through- 
out the  state  of  Osceola,  wherein  tuition  shall  be  free,  and 
which  shall  provide  equal  opportunity  for  all. 

1  This  does  not  mean  narrowing  uniformity,  but  rather  uniform  in  the  sense 
that  approximately  equal  educational  advantages  are  to  be  provided  for  all 
similarly  situated  communities. 

C  17 


1 8  Educational  Reorganization 

Sec.  2.  Scope  of  the  system.  —  Such  system  of  public 
instruction  shall  include  elementary,  secondary,  and  uni- 
versity instruction ;  normal  schools  for  the  training  of  teach- 
ers; schools  for  instruction  in  trade,  industry,  agriculture, 
household  economics,  and  the  applied  arts;  schools  for  the 
proper  care  and  training  of  exceptional,  defective,  dependent, 
and  delinquent  classes ; *  provision  for  the  education  of  adults, 
and  extension  education;  public  playgrounds,  and  vacation 
schools ;  public  free  libraries  and  museums ; 2  and  such  other 
types  of  public  instruction  or  educational  institutions  as  may 
be  provided  for  by  general  law,  or  by  county  or  district  au- 
thority acting  under  the  general  powers  conferred  upon  such 
by  Chaps.  II  or  III  of  this  Code.3 

Sec.  3.  Oversight  and  control. — The  supervisory  over- 
sight and  control  of  the  public  school-system  of  the  state  hereby 
provided  for  shall  be  intrusted  to  a  state  board  of  education, 
together  with  county,  city,  and  subdistrict  boards  for  the 
counties,  cities,  and  subdistricts,  and  boards  of  regents  or 
trustees  for  such  of  the  special  institutions  as  may  be  pro- 
vided for.  Such  supervisory  oversight  and  control  may  be 
exercised  by  such  bodies  acting  alone,  in  conjunction  with, 
or  through  their  executive  officers,4  as  provided  further  on  in 
this  Code. 

1  The  public  institutions  for  such  have  been  changed  by  the  new  constitution 
from  charitable  to  educational  institutions.     Provision  is  also  made  here  and 
elsewhere  in  this  Code  for  the  establishment  of  such  schools  by  county  or  city 
district  authority. 

2  It  is  the  intention  to  include  definitely  the  library  as  a  part  of  the  educa- 
tional system,  and  to  make  the  school  libraries  of  the  state  parts  of  the  general 
libraries  of  the  counties  or  cities. 

3  This  wide  general  authority  is  necessary  to  meet  the  changing  conditions 
and  needs  of  our  educational  system.     Chaps.  II  and  III  confer  large  discre- 
tionary powers  on  the  educational  authorities. 

4  This  is  intended  to  provide  for  the  delegation  of  authority  necessary  for 
efficient  administration.    Further  on  such  delegation  is  specifically  provided 
for  in  a  number  of  places. 


Revised  School  Code  19 

ARTICLE  2.    THE  STATE  BOARD  OF  EDUCATION 

Sec.  4.  Appointment  and  term.  —  At  the  head  of  the 
state  department  of  education  created  by  this  act  shall  be  a 
state  board  of  education,1  the  members  of  which  shall  be 
appointed  by  the  governor,  one  each  year,  and  for  seven- 
year  terms,  dating  from  the  first  day  of  July  of  the  year  in 
which  the  appointment  is  made ; 2  except  that  the  first  seven 
appointments  shall  be  classified  by  the  governor,  as  to  the 
length  of  terms,  so  as  to  provide  for  such  future  annual  ap- 
pointments, and  members  shall  take  office  as  soon  as  appointed. 
Appointments  to  fill  vacancies  shall  be  for  theunexpired  terms.3 
In  making  such  appointments  the  governor  is  to  be  influenced 
only  by  considerations  of  merit  and  fitness  for  the  position, 
and  the  appointments  shall  be  made  without  reference  to 
residence,  occupation,  party  affiliation,  religion,  race,  or  sex. 
The  governor  may  remove  any  member  so  appointed  for 
immorality,  malfeasance  in  office,  incompetency,  or  continued 
neglect  of  duties.4 

Sec.  5.  Organization  and  meetings.  —  The  state  board 
of  education  shall  hold  a  regular  meeting  each  year,  at  the 
offices  of  the  state  department  of  education  at  the  capital  of 
the  state,  on  the  second  Tuesday  in  August.  At  this  meeting 
the  board  shall  each  year  elect  one  of  its  own  members  as 

1  The  term  state  board  of  school  control  was  preferred  by  many  to  state 
board  of  education,  because  it  better  expresses  the  functions  of  such  a  body, 
but  board  of  education  was  finally  retained  because  of  its  former  usage  in  this 
state. 

1  This  insures  the  proper  expiration  of  terms,  regardless  of  when  the  governor 
makes  the  appointments.  Presumably  the  governor  will  appoint  before  the 
first  day  of  July,  and  the  new  appointee  take  his  seat  at  the  regular  July  meeting 
of  the  board.  The  terms  of  the  first  appointees  date  from  the  first  day  of  July, 
though  they  are  to  take  office  at  once,  to  inaugurate  the  new  work. 

1  This  also  preserves  the  proper  expiration  of  terms. 

4  Other  causes  are  likely  to  be  personal  or  political,  and  it  was  not  thought 
desirable  to  give  the  governor  power  to  remove  for  such. 


2O  Educational  Reorganization 

president,  and  one  as  vice  president.  At  this  meeting  also 
the  executive  officers  of  the  board  shall  present  to  it  their 
annual  reports.  Other  regular  meetings  of  the  board  shall 
be  held  each  year,  in  November,  February,  and  May ;  addi- 
tional meetings  may  be  held  at  such  times  and  places  as 
the  board  may  decide ;  and  special  meetings  may  be  held  at 
any  time,  on  call  of  the  president  or  four  other  members  of  the 
board.  Each  member  shall  receive  his  or  her  actual  traveling 
and  other  necessary  expenses,  connected  with  attending 
the  meetings,  and  an  honorarium 1  of  two  hundred  dollars 
a  year. 

Sec.  6.  Executive  officers.  —  The  state  board  of  education 
shall  appoint  as  its  chief  executive  officer  a  state  commissioner 
of  education,2  who  shall  be  an  experienced  and  competent 
educator,  together  with  all  chiefs  of  divisions,  assistants,  and 
agents,  as  provided  for  in  Art.  3  of  this  chapter.  In  making 
all  such  appointments  the  board  shall  be  free  from  all  restric- 
tions as  to  residence,  party,  religion,  race,  or  sex  of  the  persons 
appointed,  and  their  qualifications,  tenure,  and  compensation 
shall  be  as  provided  by  the  board  itself.  The  state  treasurer 
shall  act  as  treasurer  for  the  board.  The  commissioner  of 
education  shall  have  the  right  to  attend  any  meeting  of  the 
state  board  of  education,  or  any  of  its  committees,  except 
when  his  own  tenure,  salary,  or  the  administration  of  his 
office  are  under  consideration,  with  the  right  to  advise  on 
any  question  under  consideration,  but  with  no  right  to  vote. 

Sec.  7.  General  powers  and  duties.  —  The  general  powers 
and  duties  of  the  state  board  of  education  shall  be :  — 

1  This  gives  a  slight  return  to  the  members  for  the  time  expended,  but  is  not 
enough  to  make  the  appointment  seem  a  political  plum.    No  premium   is 
placed,  either,  on  holding  meetings  to  earn  a  per  diem. 

2  The  term  commissioner  of  education  was  chosen  in  place  of  the  old  title  of 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  as  being  perhaps  a  little  more  expressive 
of  the  larger  functions  of  the  new  official,  and  as  following  more  recent  practice 
in  nomenclature. 


Revised  School  Code  21 

(1)  To  have  general  oversight  and  control  of,  and  to  strive 
constantly  to  improve,  the  system  of  public  education  pro- 
vided by  the  state.     Subject  to  and  in  conformity  with  the 
constitution  and  the  laws  of  the  state,  the  state  board  of  edu- 
cation shall  exercise  legislative  functions  concerning  the  edu- 
cational system  of  the  state,  determine  its  educational  policies, 
and,  except  as  to  the  judicial  functions  of  the  commissioner 
of  education,  as  described  in  this  chapter,  under  Sec.   12, 
subdiv.  2,  shall  establish  rules  for  carrying  into  effect  the 
laws  and  policies  of  the  state  relating  to  education. 

(2)  To  require  uniform  records  and  reports,  in  form  to  be 
prescribed  by  the  commissioner  of  education,  from  all  edu- 
cational   institutions    and   parts   of    institutions,    supported 
wholly  or  in  part  by  the  state,  and  from  all  public  school 
corporations  in  the  state,  and  the  board  may  require  such  re- 
ports from  all  other  institutions,  associations,  organizations, 
or  corporations  engaged  in  educational  work.1    The  forms 
for  reporting  financial  statistics  shall  follow  the  standard 
forms  recommended  for  use  by  the  United  States  Bureau  of 
Education. 

*%  (3)  Acting  on  the  recommendation  of  the  commissioner  of 
education,  they  shall  also  classify  and  standardize  the  schools 
of  the  state,  both  public  and  private.  To  delimit  the  spheres 
of  action  of  state  schools,  in  cases  of  unnecessary  overlapping 
or  conflict ; 2  and  to  regulate  the  conferring  of  degrees  and 
diplomas  throughout  the  state. 

(4)  To  exercise  supervisory  control  over  the  work  and  the 

1  The  purpose  here  is  to  do  away  with  the  many  forms  of  reports  now  in  use, 
and  to  institute  uniform  records,  methods  of  accounting  and  reporting,  and  a 
uniform  fiscal  year.  It  was  felt  that  it  was  no  hardship  for  private  schools  to 
make  similar  reports  to  the  state,  relating  to  their  educational  work,  so 
that  the  state  board  of  education  may  each  year  be  able  to  summarize  the  edu- 
cational resources,  public  and  private,  of  the  state.  See  also  Chap.  XVII  of 
this  Code. 

1  As,  for  example,  between  the  state  normal  schools  and  the  state  university. 


22  Educational  Reorganization 

expenditures  of  the  state  normal  schools,  and  to  determine 
the  standards,  not  lower  than  those  maintained  by  the  state 
schools,  for  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  private 
or  city-district  normal  schools  within  the  state,1  or  training- 
classes  in  the  county  schools  of  agriculture. 

(5)  To  adopt  rules  and  regulations  for  the  sanitary  inspec- 
tion and  approval  of  school  buildings,  and,  in  conjunction 
with  the  state  board  of  health,  for  the  physical  examination 
and  the  health  and  physical-development  work  of  the  schools. 

(6)  In  cooperation  with  other  departments  of  the  state 
government,  and  county  and  local  authorities,  to  see  that 
the  rules  relating  to  schools,  health,  compulsory  education, 
child  labor,  and  child  conservation  are  enforced,  and  to  direct 
efforts  for  the  conservation  of  childhood  and  the  improve- 
ment of  the  conditions  surrounding  child  life. 

(7)  To  authorize  investigations  relating  to  the  educational 
needs  of  the  state,  and  means  of  improving  educational  condi- 
tions ;  to  employ  additional  expert  assistance  for  such  investi- 
gations, as  needed ; 2    and  to  appoint  agents  of  the  board, 
for  special  investigations  or  work. 

(8)  To  adopt  rules  and  regulation,  not  inconsistent  with 
law,  for  the  conduct  of  the  schools  of  the  state. 

(9)  To  have  general  supervision  of  the  educational  depart- 
ments of  all  charitable,  penal,  or  reformatory  institutions 
maintained  by  the  state,  with  power  to  make  rules  and  regu- 
lations concerning  the  management  of  the  same.3 

(10)  To  act  as  a  board  of  control  for  the  state  library  and 

1  The  purpose  here  is  to  prevent  competition  through  the  lowering  of  stand- 
ards, the  establishment  of  weak  schools,  and  unnecessary  competitive  expendi- 
tures. 

2  The  object  here  is  to  open  the  way  for  special  investigations,  as  may  seem 
to  be  needed,  and  for  the  employment  of  experts  for  such  work. 

8  Heretofore  there  has  been  no  educational  supervision  of  these  departments ; 
this  duty  is  introduced  here  in  the  hope  of  providing  better  educational  facili- 
ties in  what  have  been,  in  the  past,  largely  non-educational  institutions. 


Revised  School  Code  23 

the  state  museum,1  and  to  aid  in  the  establishment  of  libraries 
and  the  extension  of  the  facilities  of  the  state  library  and  the 
state  museum. 

(n)  To  act  as  a  board  for  the  management  and  investment 
of  the  state  school-fund,  as  provided  for  in  Sec.  7,  of  Art.  IX, 
of  the  Constitution  of  Osceola,  and  title  III,  Chap.  VII,  of 
this  School  Code. 

(12)  To  transmit  to  the  general  assembly,  biennially,  a 
detailed  budget  covering  the  needed  expenses  of  the  state 
department  of  education,  the  state  normal  schools,  the  state 
library,  and  the  state  museum.2 

(13)  At  the  annual  meeting  in  August  of  each  year,  to 
direct  the  state  controller  as  to  the  levy  of  the  annual  state 
school- tax,  as  provided  for  in  Chap.  VII  of  this  School  Code. 

(14)  To  transmit  to  the  governor  each  year,  and  through 
him  to  the  people  of  the  state,  an  annual  report  covering  the 
operation  of  the  different  divisions  of  the  state  department  of 
education,  the  work  of  the  normal  schools,  the  work  of  the 
educational  departments  of  all  charitable,  penal,  and  reforma- 
tory institutions,  maintained  by  the  state,  and  the  condition, 
progress,  and  needs  of  education  throughout  the  state.     Such 
annual  report  shall  be  printed,  as  expeditiously  as  may  be, 
and  in  sufficient  quantities  for  general  distribution.3 

(15)  To  adopt  a  seal  for  the  authentication  of  their  official 
acts. 

(16)  To  perform  such  other  duties  and  functions  as  may  be 

1  The  old  separate  boards  for  these  two  institutions  now  disappear,  and  each 
becomes  a  part  of  the  state  department  of  education. 

*  The  introduction  of  the  principle  of  a  biennial  budget  was  regarded  as  one 
of  the  best  features  of  this  scheme.  In  the  annual  reports,  the  state  board  tells 
the  people  of  its  work  and  needs;  in  the  biennial  budget  it  presents  to  the 
legislature  a  request  for  money  to  carry  on  the  work  and  to  meet  the  needs. 

1  The  report  to  the  general  assembly  is  biennial.  Education,  however,  is  an 
annual  affair,  and  the  report  to  the  people  of  operations  should  be  made  each 
year. 


24  Educational  Reorganization 

assigned  to  it,  from  time  to  time,  by  the  general  assembly,  or 
as  may  be  assigned  to  it  elsewhere  in  this  Revised  School  Code. 

Sec.  8.  New  legislation.  —  It  shall  also  be  the  duty  of 
the  state  board  of  education  to  consider  carefully  the  educa- 
tional needs  of  the  state,  and  to  recommend  to  the  general  as- 
sembly such  additional  legislation,  or  changes  in  existing  legis- 
lation, as  it  may  deem  desirable.  Such  recommendations 
may  be  general  in  form,  or  in  the  form  of  prepared  bills.  When 
prepared  bills  are  submitted,  such  must  be  laid  before  the 
proper  committees  of  both  houses,  and  the  commissioner  of 
education  and  the  state  board  of  education  be  given  a  hearing 
on  the  same,  if  such  be  requested.1 

Sec.  9.  Administer  oaths.  —  The  state  board  of  education, 
by  its  presiding  officer ;  each  of  its  committees,  by  their 
chairmen ;  the  commissioner  of  education ;  the  assistant 
commissioner  of  education;  each  chief  of  division,  assistant 
chief,  or  agent ;  and  each  executive  officer  shall  have  authority 
to  administer  oaths  and  to  examine  under  oath,  in  any  part 
of  the  state,  witnesses  in  any  matter  pertaining  to  schools, 
and  to  cause  the  examination  to  be  reduced  to  writing.  Any 
person,  who,  having  been  sworn  or  affirmed  by  any  of  the 
above-mentioned  officers  to  tell  the  truth,  and  who  wilfully 
gives  false  testimony,  shall  be  guilty  of  perjury. 

ARTICLE  3.    THE  STATE  EDUCATIONAL  DEPARTMENT 

Sec.  10.  Organization  of  the  department.  —  A  state  de- 
partment of  education  is  hereby  created,  to  be  under  the 
direction  of  the  state  board  of  education,  as  provided  for  by 
Art.  2  of  this  chapter.  This  department  shall  include  all 
offices  and  functions  formerly  included  under  the  office  of 
superintendent  of  public  instruction ;  together  with  the  state 
library  and  the  state  museum,  which  are  hereby  transferred 

1  This  makes  the  state  board  a  kind  of  continuing  Code  Commission,  and  gives 
it  a  definite  status  in  its  relations  with  the  legislature. 


Revised  School  Code  25 

to  the  state  department  of  education,  as  divisions  of  the  new 
department,  and  placed  under  the  control  of  the  state  board 
of  education ;  and  such  other  divisions  and  branches  as  may 
be  provided  for  by  this  Code,  by  the  state  board  of  education 
as  authorized  by  this  Code,  or  by  subsequent  legislative  enact- 
ment. 

Sec.  n.  State  commissioner  of  education.  —  As  the  chief 
executive  officer  of  the  state  department  of  education,  there 
shall  be  a  state  commissioner  of  education,  who  shall  be  ap- 
pointed by  and  hold  office  at  the  pleasure  of  the  state  board  of 
education,1  as  provided  for  by  Sec.  6  of  this  Code,  and  who 
shall  be  charged  with  the  following  powers  and  duties :  — 

(1)  He  shall  act  as  the  chief  executive  officer  of  the  state 
system  of  public  instruction,  and  of  the  state  board  of  edu- 
cation, and  as  such  shall  see  to  the  enforcement  of  all  laws 
relating  to  the  school-system  of  the  state,  and  all  rules  and 
regulations,  made  in  conformity  to  law,  by  the  state  board  of 
education. 

(2)  He  shall  have  power  and  it  shall  be  his  duty  to  cause  to 
be  instituted  such  proceedings  or  processes  as  may  be  neces- 
sary to  properly  enforce  and  give  effect  to  any  provision  in 
this  Code,  or  any  other  general  or  special  law  pertaining  to 
the  school-system  of  the  state  or  any  part  thereof,  or  any  rule 
or  direction  of  the  state  board  of  education,  made  in  conform- 
ity with  their  powers  and  duties.2 

(3)  He  shall  execute,  under  direction  of  the  board,  and  in 
person  or  through  subordinates,  all  educational  policies  de- 
termined upon  by  the  state  board  of  education.3 

1  Sec.  6  gives  the  state  board  of  education  freedom  from  all  restrictions,  in 
making  the  appointment,  relating  to  residence,  term  of  office,  or  salary.  So 
long  as  they  conduct  the  department  within  the  appropriations  made  by  the 
general  assembly,  they  may  act  freely. 

1  This  provision  is  occasionally  necessary  to  secure  the  proper  enforcement 
of  the  laws  in  certain  communities. 

1  It  is  the  intent  here  that  the  state  board,  representing  the  lay  interest, 


26  Educational  Reorganization 

(4)  He  shall  have,  acting  under  such  general  rules  and  regu- 
lations as  the  state  board  of  education  may  provide,  the  gen- 
eral supervision  of  the  different  divisions  and  offices  of  the 
state  department  of  education,  and  shall  decide  all  conflicts 
of  authority;    shall  be  responsible  for  the  proper  adminis- 
tration of  the  department  of  education;    and  shall  see  that 
all  work  assigned  is  properly  performed,  and  that  all  reports 
are  properly  made. 

(5)  He  shall  recommend  to  the  state  board  of  education  for 
appointment  an  assistant  commissioner  of  education,  to  per- 
form such  duties  as  he  may  assign  to  him,  and  to  represent  him 
in  his  absence  or  in  the  state;    and  also  the  chiefs  for  each 
division  of  the  state  department  of   education,1  and   such 
assistant  chiefs  and  state  agents  as  may  be  authorized  by  the 
state  board  of  education,  or  by  the  law.    He  may  also  recom- 
mend their  dismissal,  for  cause.     The  state  board  of  education 
shall  make  rules  for  the  appointment  of  all  other  assistance 
within  the  department. 

(6)  For  dishonesty,  or  for  wilful  disobedience  of   law,  he 
may  remove  from  office  any  member  of  any  county  or  city 
board  of  education  in  this  state. 

(7)  He  shall  prescribe  the  methods  and  the  standards, 
subject  to  the  provisions  of  title  V  of  this  Code,  for  the  cer- 
tification of  teachers  within  the  state,  and  for  the  acceptance 
of  degrees,  diplomas,  and  experience  from  without  the  state. 

(8)  He  shall  call  and  direct  an  annual  conference  of  the 
county  and  city  superintendents  of  education,  called  to  meet 
for  three  days  at  the  offices  of  the  state  department  of  educa- 
tion, for  the  consideration  of  matters  relating  to  the  condi- 

shall  hear  and  determine  questions  of  policy  and  the  expenditure  of  funds,  but 
that,  once  decided,  the  execution  of  the  policy  shall  rest  with  the  executive 
officers,  the  board  being  chiefly  a  legislative  body. 

1  The  chiefs  of  divisions  in  the  state  department  of  education  are  analogous 
to  the  heads  of  departments  in  a  university,  and  should  be  recommended  for 
appointment  by  the  superintendent. 


Revised  School  Code  27 

tions,  needs,  and  the  improvement  of  the  educational  system 
of  the  state.1 

(9)  He  shall  have  such  other  powers  and  shall  carry  out 
such  other  duties  as  may  be  directed  elsewhere  in  this  Code, 
or  as  may  be  intrusted  to  him,  from  time  to  time,  by  the 
general  assembly  or  by  the  state  board  of  education.2 

Sec.  12.  Divisions  of  the  department.  The  state  de- 
partment of  education  is  hereby  organized  into  the  following 
divisions,  at  the  head  of  which  shall  be  a  division  chief,  to  be 
appointed  by  the  state  board  of  education,  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  commissioner  of  education.  The  state 
board  may  create  other  divisions,  from  time  to  time,  within 
the  limits  of  their  appropriations  for  maintenance.  The 
functions  and  duties  of  the  departments  hereby  created  shall 
include  the  following :  — 

(i)  The  business  division.  —  The  chief  of  this  division  shall 
be  known  as  the  secretary  and  business  manager  for  the 
department.  He  shall  hold  office  at  the  pleasure  of  the  board, 
and  shall  give  bonds  for  the  faithful  performance  of  his  duties. 
He  shall  act  as  the  secretary  of  the  state  board  of  education ; 3 
shall  be  responsible  for  the  safe  keeping  of  all  books,  records, 
and  papers  of  the  board;  shall  make  all  purchases,  approve 
all  bills,  and  draw  all  warrants  for  services  or  materials ;  shall 

1  The  annual  convention  for  a  week,  meeting  anywhere  in  the  state,  and 
managed  as  to  program  by  a  committee  of  the  superintendents,  was  largely  a 
junket,  and  seldom  did  any  serious  educational  work.  It  is  the  intent  of  this 
provision  to  provide  for  shorter  meetings,  at  the  state  department  offices,  and 
under  conditions  much  more  likely  to  secure  educational  results  commensurate 
with  the  expense  involved. 

*  Other  duties  are  assigned  to  the  state  superintendent  of  education  in  other 
parts  of  this  Code,  such  as  the  apportionment  of  funds  (Title  III),  control  of 
certification  (Title  V),  etc.,  but  it  was  not  thought  necessary  to  repeat  all  such 
here. 

1  The  purpose  is  to  free  the  commissioner  from  all  purely  clerical  functions, 
and  a  new  office  and  official  is  created  to  attend  to  the  clerical  and  financial 
work. 


28  Educational  Reorganization 

apportion  the  school  funds,  as  directed  by  law;  shall  keep 
an  exhibit  of  the  same,  as  directed  by  the  state  board ;  may 
appoint  and  dismiss  all  assistants  in  his  office ;  and  shall  per- 
form such  other  duties  as  may  be  assigned  to  him,  from  time 
to  time,  by  the  state  board  of  education,  or  the  commissioner 
of  education.1 

(2)  The  legal  division.  —  This  division  shall  edit  and  print 
the  School  Code,  and  annotate  it  from  decisions  of  the  state 
commissioner  of  education ;  advise  district,  county,  and  state 
educational  officers  as  to  the  meaning  and  intent  of  this  Code, 
and  methods  of  precedure  under  it;  and  advise  the  com- 
missioner of  education  on  all  cases  taken  before  him  on  appeal 
from  the  decisions  of  the  county  superintendents  of  education. 
The  commissioner  of  education,  in  his  decision,  shall  have 
power  to  interpret  the  meaning  and  intent  of  this  Revised 
School  Code ;  to  decide  controversies  arising  over  any  matter 
coming  within  the  scope  of  the  powers  delegated  by  law  to 
school  authorities;  to  determine  whether  an  appeal  to  him 
shall  stay  proceedings,  and  to  prescribe  the  conditions  under 
which  it  shall  or  shall  not  operate;  and  to  make  orders,  di- 
recting the  levying  of  taxes  or  otherwise,  which  may,  in  his 
judgment,  be  proper  and  necessary  to  give  effect  to  his  de- 
cision. He  may  also  decline  to  receive  an  appeal  from  the  de- 
cision of  a  county  superintendent,  if  it  appears  that  the  appel- 
lant has  no  interest  in  the  matter  appealed,  that  the  matter 
is  not  a  matter  of  public  concern,  or  that  the  person  appealing 
is  not  competent  to  appeal.  The  legal  division  shall  properly 
file  all  papers  in  appeal  cases,  including  the  commissioner's 
decision ;  and  copies  of  all  such,  authenticated  by  him  under 

1  While  it  is  the  intent  that  this  office  and  officer  should  be  largely  independ- 
ent, attending  to  the  clerical,  business,  and  financial  affairs  of  the  department, 
as  distinct  from  the  educational  affairs,  still,  to  preserve  proper  harmony  and 
insure  effective  service,  it  was  deemed  necessary  that  the  office  should  be  clearly 
subordinate  to  that  of  the  commissioner  of  education. 


Revised  School  Code  29 

the  seal  of  his  office,  shall  be  evidence  equally  with  the  orig- 
inals. The  decisions  of  the  commissioner  shall  be  numbered 
and  dated,  and  printed  in  such  quantities  as  may  be  needed. 
The  decisions  of  the  commissioner  of  education  shall  be  final 
in  matters  in  which  he  is  given  power  to  decide.1 

(3)  The  statistical  division.  —  This  division,2  subject  to  the 
approval  of  the  commissioner  of  education,  shall  prescribe 
the  blanks,  forms,  registers,  and  regulations  for  making  all 
statistical  reports  to  county  and  state  school  officers;    shall 
prescribe  a  uniform  system  of  bookkeeping,  to  be  used  by  all 
school-districts  of  each  class,  and  the  uniform  fiscal   year3 
provided  for  in  Sec.  no;  shall  attend  to  the  gathering  of  all 
statistical  data ;  shall  tabulate,  interpret,  and  edit  the  same ;  4 
and  shall  supply  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Education 
with  any  statistical  information   available.     The   statistical 
portions  of  the  annual  reports  shall  be  prepared  by  this  divi- 
sion, and  as  directed  by  this  Code  or  by  the  state  board  of 
education.5 

(4)  Library    and    library-extension    division.  —  The    state 
library,  transferred  by  the  constitution  to  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  state  board  of  education,  together  with  its  branches  and 
schools,  shall  constitute  this  division,  and  the  state  librarian 
and  his  associates  and  assistants  are  hereby  continued  in 

1  The  whole  intent  here  is  to  provide  a  simple,  inexpensive,  and  expeditious 
method  of  interpreting  the  School  Code  and  settling  disputes  under  it,  and  by 
parties  who  understand  the  intent  and  spirit  of  the  law.  The  printed  decisions 
and  annotated  School  Code  will  also,  in  time,  establish  interpretations  and 
precedents  which  will  prevent  many  controversies. 

8  This  division,  virtually  in  existence  before,  now  centralizes  the  statistical 
work,  and  prepares  the  way  for  the  appointment  of  a  chief  who  shall  be  an 
expert  statistician,  and  who  will  develop  a  corps  of  trained  workers  under  him. 

1  This  uniformity  in  reports  and  fiscal  year  is  much  needed.  Comparisons 
with  any  accuracy  have  been  heretofore  impossible. 

*  This  should  provide  for  an  intelligent  and  comparative  editing  of  all  sta- 
tistical data. 

•  See  Sec.  13  of  this  chapter. 


30  Educational  Reorganization 

office,  until  the  state  board  of  education  shall  otherwise  direct. 
This  division  shall  include  the  state  library  proper,  the  library 
school,  the  state  historical  division,  and  the  traveling-library 
division,  all  of  which  shall  now  be  organized  as  subdivisions 
in  this  new  division.  In  addition,  a  new  subdivision,  to  be 
known  as  the  library-extension  bureau,  shall  be  organized 
to  direct  the  work  of  organizing  county  libraries  *  and  extend- 
ing, directing,  and  improving  their  work. 

(5)  The    museum    and    science-extension    division.  —  The 
state  museum,  transferred  by  the  constitution  to  the  juris- 
diction of  the  state  board  of  education,  shall  constitute  this 
division,  and  the  curator  and  his  assistants  are  hereby  con- 
tinued in  office,  until  the  state  board  of  education  shall  other- 
wise direct.     In  addition  to  the  present  work  of  preserving 
the  scientific  collections  of  the  state,  a  new  subdivision,  to  be 
known  as  the  science-extension  subdivision,  shall  be  organized, 
the  purpose  of  which  shall  be  to  prepare  duplicate  collections, 
lantern  slides,  pictures,  and  specimens,  and  to  supervise  the 
loaning  of  such   to   schools,   institutions,   organizations,   or 
responsible  individuals,  with  a  view  to  improving  the  instruc- 
tion in  geography,  history,  science,  and  kindred  subjects,2  and 
to  advancing  the  education  of  the  citizens  of  the  state. 

(6)  Schoolhouse-construclion  and  sanitation  division.  —  This 
division  shall  study  the  needs  and  suggest  plans  for  improv- 
ing schoolhouse    construction,  sanitation,  and   architecture, 
for  all  kinds  of  schools,  and  issue  information  concerning  such. 
This  division  shall  also  prepare  duplicate  sets  of  approved 
plans  and  specifications  for  schoolhouses  and  county  libraries, 
of  various  types,  which  may  be  loaned,  free  of  charge,  to  county 

1  The  movement  for  county  libraries,  already  begun,  and  further  provided 
for  in  Title  II,  Chap.  V,  of  this  Revised  School  Code,  aims  to  make  the  county 
the  unit  for  library  work,  with  all  branches  as  parts  of  the  county  library. 

*  The  state  museum  has  already  begun  this  work,  but  has  been  entirely  un- 
able to  meet  the  state  demands  because  of  lack  of  assistance  and  funds.  It  is 
now  proposed  to  put  this  work  on  a  sound  educational  and  financial  basis. 


Revised  School  Code  31 

or  city  school-districts  desiring  to  use  them.1  This  division 
shall  also  assist  county  or  city  school-district  authorities  in 
making  sanitary  surveys  of  existing  school  buildings  and 
grounds ;  and  shall  approve  all  plans  for  new  school  buildings, 
as  provided  for  in  Sec.  125  of  this  Code. 

(7)  The  child-welfare  division. —  This  division  shall   study 
the  health,  nutrition,  physical  defects,  and  abnormalities  of 
children;   conduct  health  and  child-welfare  surveys;   stimu- 
late and  guide  the  work  in  health  supervision  in  the  schools  of 
the  state;   investigate  child-labor  and  juvenile  delinquency; 
study  and  assist  in  developing  instruction  in  physical  training 
and  playground  work ;   study  retardation  in  the  schools,  and 
its  causes ;  study  the  hygiene  of  instruction,  and  direct  work 
in  preventive  mental  hygiene ;   and  disseminate  proper  ideas 
as  to  the  care,  nurture,  training,  and  instruction  of  the  children 
of  the  state.     For  this  work  this  division  may  be  organized 
into  such  subdivisions  as  the  state  board  of  education  may 
direct.2 

(8)  Rural-  and  agricultural-education  division.  —  This  divi- 
sion shall  study  the  needs,  costs,  and  means  of  improvement  of 
the  rural  and  small-town  schools  of  the  state ;  assist  in  county- 
reorganization  surveys  3  and  in  the  establishment  of  consoli- 
dated schools ;   aid  in  the  extension  of  instruction  in  agricul- 
ture, household  economics,  and  such  forms  of  industrial  work 4 
as  are  adapted  to  rural  and  village  needs;   devise  ways  and 
means  for  extending  educational  and  social  advantages  to 
the  rural  sections  and  small  villages  of  the  state ;    assist 
county  educational  authorities  in  reorganizing  and  redirecting 
their  rural  and  village  schools ;   and  shall  publish  the  results 

1  By  such  a  plan  the  cost  of  this  bureau  can  be  saved  many  times  over. 
1  This  division,  new  to  Osceola,  will  undoubtedly  develop  in  time  into  one  of 
the  most  important  divisions  of  the  state  department  of  education. 
»  See  Chap.  II,  Art.  6. 
*  For  definitions  as  to  what  these  subjects  include,  see  Sec.  70. 


32  Educational  Reorganization 

in  such  manner  as  will  best  serve  the  ends  for  which  the  divi- 
sion is  maintained.1 

(9)  Elementary-education  division.  —  This  division  shall 
study  the  administration,  instruction  problems,  and  needs 
of  the  kindergartens,  and  the  day  and  evening  elementary  and 
intermediate  schools  of  the  state;  and  assist  communities 
in  conducting  surveys  of  the  work  and  needs  of  their  schools, 
with  a  view  to  improving  the  administration  and  instruction 
in  them. 

(TO)  Secondary-education  division.  —  This  division  shall 
study  the  administration,  curricula,  problems,  and  needs  of 
the  day  and  evening  secondary  schools  of  the  state;  shall 
classify  the  schools  as  to  standards  maintained;  shall  sug- 
gest means  of  improving  instruction  and  administration  in 
them;  shall  examine  and  classify  the  higher  schools  of  the 
state,  with  reference  to  the  character  of  their  work,  and  ap- 
prove, for  recommendation  to  the  University,  as  provided  for 
by  Sec.  74  of  this  Code,  those  meeting  the  proper  standard ;  and 
shall  study  means  for  a  closer  articulation  of  both  secondary 
schools  and  colleges  on  the  one  hand,  and  secondary  schools 
and  elementary  schools  on  the  other. 

ii.  Special-class-education  division. — This  division  shall 
study  the  forms  of  education  provided  for  the  deaf  and  dumb, 
the  blind,  the  feeble-minded  and  the  mentally  defective,  the 
truant  and  the  incorrigible,  and  the  dependent ;  shall  super- 
vise the  instruction  of  such  in  the  penal,  reformatory,  and 
charitable  institutions  of  this  state;  shall  examine  and  ap- 
prove, for  any  state-aid  grants,  all  classes  of  such  children 
in  the  public  day  and  evening  schools  of  the  state ;  and  shall 
study  the  forms  of  instruction  provided,  and  the  administra- 

1  Publication  and  advice  are  intended  to  be  the  chief  work  of  this  division, 
and  of  the  two  divisions  following.  It  was  not  felt  to  be  desirable  that  the  state 
department  should  have  much  power  to  compel,  except  in  so  far  as  is  necessary 
to  secure  compliance  with  the  educational  laws  of  the  state. 


Revised  School  Code  33 

tion  of  such  instruction,  with  a  view  to  suggesting  improve- 
ments in  both.1 

(12)  The  examining,  certificating,  and  pensioning  division.  — 
This  division  shall  examine  all  candidates  for  all  forms  of 
teachers'  certificates,  granted  on  examination  within  the  state,2 
and  shall  issue  all  forms  of  teachers'  certificates ;  shall  keep  a 
registry  of  all  teachers  granted  certificates  of  any  kind  within 
the  state,  either  on  examination  or  credentials ;  and  shall  have 
charge  of  the  administration  of  the  state  pension  laws  for 
teachers,  as  provided  for  by  Title  V,  Chap.  XIV  of  this  Code. 

13.  Training  of  teachers  division.  —  This  division  shall 
examine  and  may  suggest  improvements  in  the  training- 
courses  for  secondary  teachers  maintained  by  the  University 
of  Osceola,  the  training  courses  for  elementary  teachers  main- 
tained by  the  normal  schools  of  the  state,  the  county  training- 
classes  for  elementary  teachers  maintained  in  the  county 
schools  of  agriculture,  and  the  normal  schools  maintained 
by  cities  of  the  first  class ;  shall  standardize  and  accredit 
colleges,  normal  schools,  and  training  classes  in  other  states, 
in  so  far  as  interstate  recognition  of  teachers'  training  is 
concerned,  in  terms  of  the  standards  required  in  Osceola; 
shall  standardize  and  accredit  teachers'  certificates  and  diplo- 
mas from  other  states,  in  terms  of  the  requirements  for  certifi- 
cation in  Osceola ; 3  shall  assist  in  and  help  to  improve  the 

1  With  the  taking  over  of  this  work   by  the  state  department  of  education, 
from  the  politically  controlled  state  institutions,  and  the  establishment  of  sub- 
sidies and  grants  to  cities  (see  Chap.  VIII)  for  such  work,  it  was  thought  de- 
sirable that  a  state  division  be  created  to  take  charge  of  the  work. 

2  With  the  adoption  of  this  new  Code,  the  state  will  pass  from  a  series  of  county 
certificating  systems  to  a  uniform  state  system,  with  uniform  and  higher  stand- 
ards for  the  entire  state  as  well  as  a  number  of  new  forms  of  certificates.     (See 
Chap.  XIII.) 

1  With  the  establishment  of  a  broad  and  liberal  policy  of  interstate  recogni- 
tion of  certificates  and  diplomas  by  the  state,  a  central  accrediting  authority  is 
a  necessity.  While  creating  this  the  commission  felt  it  wise  to  create  a  division 
which  would  also  tend  to  stimulate  and  standardize  the  training  of  teachers 

D 


34  Educational  Reorganization 

teachers'  institutes,  conducted  by  the  county  and  city  super- 
intendents of  education  in  the  different  counties  and  cities  of 
the  state;  and  shall  help  to  guide  and  direct  the  different 
courses  in  the  teachers'  reading-circles  of  the  state. 

(14)  Art  and  music  division.  — This  division  shall  study  the 
methods  of  instruction,  the  needs,  and  the  possibilities  of 
improving  the  instruction  in  pure  and  applied  art  and  in  music, 
with  a  view  to  improving  the  artistic  tastes  of  the  people  in 
general,  better  preparing  young  people  and  workers  for  the 
applied-art  needs  of  the  industries  and  the  vocations,  and 
improving  the  musical  tastes  and  appreciation  of  the  people 
of  this  state,  through  the  improvement  of  the  instruction  in 
these  subjects  in  the  public  day  and  evening  schools,  special 
schools,  normal  schools,  and  colleges  of  this  state.1 

(15)  Industrial-  and    vocational-education  division.  —  This 
division  shall  study  the  commercial  and  industrial  needs  and 
the  vocational  opportunities  of  the  state ;    shall  assist  com- 
munities in  making  commercial,  industrial,  and  vocational 
surveys;   shall  advise  with  reference  to  the  establishment  of 
vocational  schools  and  courses;    shall  prepare  and  publish 
bulletins  relating  to  vocational  opportunities  and  demands; 
and  shall  study  conditions,  both  within  and  without  the  state, 
with  a  view  to  improving  the  commercial  and  industrial 
resources  of  the  state,  and  better  preparing  young  people  for 
the  vocations. 

(16)  Information  and   extension  division.  —  This    division 
shall  attend  to  the  general  distribution  of  all  printed  docu- 
ments and  reports  of  the  state  department  of  education ; 
shall  act  as  a  bureau  of  information  for  answering  the  inquiries 
of  teachers,  citizens,  and  parents;    and  shall  organize  and 

within  the  state,  but  without  much  power  to  compel,  and  to  assist  in  the  conduct 
of  teachers'  institutes  and  in  the  direction  of  the  reading-circles  for  the  state. 

1  This  division  was  felt  by  the  commission  to  be  of  much  future  importance ; 
as  one  likely  to  do  much  to  give  tone  and  character  to  the  future  state. 


Revised  School  Code  35 

conduct  an  extension  bureau,  to  supply  lectures  and  advisors 
on  educational  topics  to  the  different  communities,  clubs,  and 
school  boards  throughout  the  state,  drawing  for  this  purpose 
on  the  experts  attached  to  the  different  divisions  of  the  state 
department  of  education,  such  experts  being  designated  for 
the  service  by  the  commissioner  of  education.1 

(17)  Editorial  division.  —  This  division  shall  attend  to 
the  editing,  illustrating,  and  printing  of  all  circulars,  bulle- 
tins, and  reports  prepared  by  the  different  divisions  of  the 
state  department  of  education,  as  approved  and  directed  by 
the  state  board  of  education  or  by  the  commissioner  of  edu- 
cation, and  within  the  limits  of  the  annual  appropriations 
for  printing.2 

Sec.  13.  Publications.  —  It  is  the  intent  of  this  article 
that  the  state  department  of  education  shall  exert  its  largest 
influence  through  study  and  the  publication  of  results  rather 
than  through  compulsion,  and  that  one  of  its  important  func- 
tions shall  be  to  aid  and  inform  and  emphasize  what  is  best. 
To  this  end  three  series  of  publications  shall  be  provided  for, 
as  follows :  — 

(1)  A  monthly  circular  of  information,  to  contain  such  out- 
lines and  descriptions  of  the  work  of  the  state  department  of 
education,  and  such  general  information,  notices,  and  direc- 
tions as  the  state  commissioner  of  education  shall  direct. 

(2)  A  series  of  bulletins,  to  be  issued  as  frequently  as  need 
be,  to  contain  collected  information  on  some  one  subject, 
the  results  of  studies  made  by  the  different  divisions  of  the 
state  department,  or  studies  made  by  special  experts  employed 

1  It  is  desired  here  to  create  a  division  which  shall  be  able  to  advise  and  assist 
individuals,  organizations,  or  communities  with  reference  to  educational  mat- 
ters, as  the  agricultural  colleges  now  advise  farmers  and  communities  with 
reference  to  crops,  cattle,  soils,  and  agricultural  procedure.  The  lecture  service 
ought,  with  time,  to  become  very  important. 

1  See  Sec.  13  of  this  chapter  for  a  fuller  outline  of  the  work  of  this 
division. 


36  Educational  Reorganization 

for  special  work,  as  the  commissioner  of  education  may  ap- 
prove, and  to  be  printed  in  such  quantities  as  will  meet  the 
reasonable  demands  for  the  information  contained  in  each. 

(3)  Annual  reports,  to  be  prepared  and  printed  each  year, 
as  expeditiously  as  may  be,  and  in  such  quantities  as  will 
meet  the  reasonable  demands  for  such  reports.  Each  annual 
report  shall  contain  the  following  information  :  — 

(a)  A  brief  statement  by  the  state  board  of  education  of 

its  activities,  and  of  the  conditions,  progress,  and 
important  needs  of  the  school  system  of  the  state. 

(b)  A  brief  statement  of  the  activities  of  the  different  divi- 

sions of  the  state  department  of  education,  results 
accomplished,  and  lines  of  future  development,  by  the 
commissioner  of  education. 

(c)  A    narrative    interpretation,    with    illustrative    sum- 

maries and  comparative  tables,  of  the  statistical  re- 
turns for  the  year,  with  comparisons  showing  both 
growth  and  development,  and  retrogression  and 
needs,  by  the  commissioner  of  education. 

(d)  A  brief  statement  of  the  more  important  needs  of  the 

school  system  of  the  state,  by  the  commissioner  of 
education. 

(e)  Brief  statements  as  to  work,  accomplishments,  and  prob- 

lems, by  the  chiefs  of  each  division  of  the  state  de- 
partment of  education. 

(/)  A  concise  statement  of  the  work  and  condition  of  the 
normal  and  county  training-schools  of  the  state. 

(g)  A  concise  statement  of  the  work  and  condition  of 
the  educational  departments  of  the  different  state 
charitable,  penal,  and  reformatory  institutions. 

(ti)  A  statement,  properly  audited,  showing  the  expendi- 
tures of  the  state  department  of  education,  by  divi- 
sions, during  the  year,  by  the  secretary  of  the  state 
board  of  education. 


Revised  School  Code  37 

(*)  A  concise  statement,  showing  the  condition  of  the 
principal  and  income-account  of  the  state  school-fund, 
and  any  other  permanent  funds  under  the  control  of 
the  state  board  of  education,  and  of  the  seminary 
fund  and  the  land-grant  college  fund,  by  the  treasurer 
of  the  state  board  of  education. 

(/)  The  detailed  statistical  returns  from  the  counties  and 
cities  of  the  state,  showing  the  condition  of  the  school- 
system  as  to  census,  enrollment,  attendance,  terms, 
receipts,  disbursements,  costs,  and  such  other  items  as 
the  state  board  of  education  may  direct. 
(4)   The  School  Code  of  the  state.  —  This  is  to  be  published, 
from  time  to  time,  as  needed  and  directed  by  the  state  board 
of  education,  and  each  revision  shall  be  annotated  so  as  to 
give  the  summary  of  any  decisions  or  rulings  made  by  the 
commissioner  of  education  which  will  serve  to  make  clearer 
the  meaning  and  intent  of  any  section  of  this  Code,  or  other 
law  relating  to  education. 

All  publications  of  the  state  department  of  education  shall 
be  distributed,  free  of  charge,  as  the  state  board  of  education 
or  the  commissioner  of  education  may  direct. 


CHAPTER  II.   COUNTY  EDUCATIONAL  ORGANI- 
ZATION 

ARTICLE  4.    COUNTY  BOARDS  or  EDUCATION 

Sec.  14.  County  the  unit  of  organization.  —  The  county 
shall  be  the  unit  for  educational  organization  in  this  state,1 
and  each  county  board  of  education,  as  provided  for  in  Sec. 
15  of  this  Revised  School  Code,  and  subject  always  to  the 
powers  granted  to  city  school-districts  and  to  subdistricts 
in  Chap.  Ill  of  this  Code,  shall  have  supervisory  oversight 
and  control  of  all  public  schools  and  libraries  established 
within  the  county. 

Sec.  15.  County  boards  of  education.  —  For  the  man- 
agement of  the  educational  affairs  of  each  county  a  county 
board  of  education  2  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  electors 
of  each  county,  residing  outside  of  city  school-districts,  at 
an  election  to  be  held  each  year  on  the  second  Saturday  in 
June,  as  provided  for  in  Art.  8  of  Chap.  III.  The  first  elec- 
tion under  this  section  shall  be  held  in  June,  1914.  Each 
county  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  five  citizens,  to  be 
elected  from  the  county  at  large,3  and  for  five-year  terms; 

1  The  county  now  becomes  the  unit,  instead  of  the  district,  but  with  certain 
powers  granted  to  city-district  and  subdistrict  authorities.  These  increase  as 
the  subdistrict  and  district  increase  in  size. 

1  The  old  county  board  of  education  was  composed  almost  entirely  of  school 
men,  and  performed  educational  functions  largely.  This  body  is  to  be  a  lay 
and  business  body,  performing  educational  functions  only  on  proper  advice. 
The  board  now  becomes  one  analogous  to  a  city  board  of  education,  with  simi- 
lar powers  and  duties. 

3  Election  from  the  county  at  large,  instead  of  by  districts,  was  selected, 
after  some  debate,  as  much  more  likely  to  secure  the  kind  of  citizens  needed  to 
inaugurate  properly  the  new  form  of  educational  administration. 

38 


Revised  School  Code  39 

except  that,  at  the  first  elections  under  this  act,  to  secure  a 
proper  classification  of  terms,  the  members  to  be  elected  shall 
be  classified  on  the  ballots  so  as  to  secure  a  proper  expiration 
of  terms. 

Sec.  16.  Vacancies  and  removal  from  office.  — Any  vacancy 
which  may  occur  in  the  membership  of  any  county  board  of 
education,  for  any  cause,  shall  be  filled  by  appointment  by 
the  board  itself,  the  person  so  appointed  to  hold  office  until 
the  close  of  the  fiscal  year.  At  the  June  school  elections,  pro- 
vided for  by  Art.  8  of  Chap.  Ill  of  this  Code,  a  member  shall 
be  elected  to  fill  any  unexpired  term,  in  addition  to  the  rilling 
of  any  regular  vacancy.  All  new  members  elected  shall  qualify 
and  take  office  at  the  regular  July  meeting  of  the  county  board. 

Sec.  17.  Meetings  of  county  boards.  —  The  regular  annual 
meeting  of  the  county  boards  of  education  shall  be  held  on  the 
second  Friday  in  July.  At  this  meeting  new  members  elected 
shall  take  office ;  a  president  shall  be  elected  for  the  ensuing 
year  by  the  board,  from  among  its  own  membership;  and 
the  executive  officers  of  the  board  shall  make  their  annual 
reports.  Other  regular  meetings  shall  be  held  on  the  second 
Friday  of  each  month,  and  special  meetings  may  be  called 
by  the  president,  or  by  three  other  members  of  the  board. 
Each  member  of  a  county  board  of  education  shall  be  paid 
his  necessary  traveling  expenses,  and  an  honorarium  of 
one  hundred  dollars  per  year.1  Failure  to  attend  three  reg- 
ular meetings  in  succession,  unless  excused  on  account  of  sick- 
ness, shall  work  a  forfeiture  of  the  office. 

Sec.  1 8.  Powers  and  duties.  —  Each  county  board  of 
education,  subject  always  to  the  limitations  of  this  Code  rela- 
tive to  the  powers  of  city  school-districts  and  county  sub- 

1  The  object  of  this  is  to  prevent  too  frequent  meetings,  and,  in  consequence, 
too  much  interference  with  the  work  of  the  executive  officers.  This  board 
should  remain  a  legislative  body,  leaving  the  executive  work  to  its  executive 
officers. 


40  Educational  Reorganization 

districts,  and  acting  either  as  a  board  or  through  its  execu- 
tive officers,  shall  have  the  following  powers  and  duties  :  — 

(1)  To  adopt  rules  and  regulations,  not  inconsistent  with  law 
or  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  state  board  of  education,  for 
the  regulation  and  government  of  the  schools  of  the  county.1 

(2)  To  adopt  a  seal  for  their  official  use. 

(3)  To  appoint  their  executive  officers,   as  provided  for 
under  Art.  5  of  this  chapter. 

(4)  To  see  that  the  laws  relating  to  education,  and  the  rules 
and  regulations  of  the  state  board  of  education,  are  enforced 
within  their  jurisdiction. 

(5)  In  the  name  of  the  county  board  of  education  of  (name 
of  county)  to  possess  corporate  powers ;  to  sue  and  to  be  sued ; 
to  acquire,  hold,  lease,  and  sell  real  and  personal  property; 
to  receive  bequests  and  donations;    and  to  perform  other 
corporate  acts  for  educational  purposes.2 

(6)  To  locate  and  maintain  schools,  as  needed  within  the 
county;   to  close  schools  and  arrange  for  the  transportation 
of  pupils  to  other  schools,  whenever,  in  their  judgment,  such 
transportation  of  pupils  is  advisable ; 3    and,  within  three 
years  from  the  time  this  Revised  School  Code  takes  effect, 
to  arrange  for  a  reorganization  of  the  schools  of  the  county, 
as  provided  for  by  Art.  6  of  this  chapter.    After  such  reor- 
ganization has  been  accomplished,  to  establish,  relocate,  or 
consolidate  schools,  as  the-  changing  needs  of  the  future  may 
seem  to  require,  and  provide  transportation,  as  necessary. 

(7)  To  cause  to  be  kept  an  accurate  account  of  all  their 
official  acts,  proceedings,  and  decisions ;   and  of  all  statistical 
and  financial  matters  relating  to  the  schools  of  the  county, 

1  As  a  city  board  of  education  would  do  for  the  government  of  a  city  school 
system. 

2  Only  county  and  city  boards  now  have  corporate  powers,  all  subdistricts 
being  without  such.    This  reduces  each  county  to  one  corporate  county  board 
and  the  corporate  boards  for  such  cities  as  may  exist  within  the  county. 

*  Just  as  a  city  school  board  would  do,  as  the  school  population  shifts. 


Revised  School  Code  41 

and  according  to  such  forms  as  the  commissioner  of  education 
for  the  state  may  prescribe ;  and  to  have  transmitted  to  the 
state  department  of  education  such  information  relating  to  the 
finances,  condition,  and  progress  of  the  schools  of  the  county 
as  may  be  requested. 

(8)  To  assume  and  hold  title  to  all  school  property  1  in 
the  county,  not  under  the  control  of  city  school-districts ;  and 
to  pass  title  to  the  same  to  second-class  city  school-districts, 
when  such  have  been  properly  organized,2  under  the  provi- 
sions of  Sec.  39  of  this  Code. 

(9)  To  insure,  purchase,  lease,  rent,  or  sell  school  sites  and 
school  buildings  within  its  jurisdiction ;   to  build,  repair,  and 
improve  the  same,  or  approve  contracts  for  so  doing,  when 
the  plans  have  been  approved  as  provided  for  in  Sec.  125  of 
this  Code;    and  to  condemn,  under  the  laws  providing  for 
the  condemnation  of  property  for  state  purposes,  any  property 
needed  for  educational  purposes. 

(10)  To  authorize  all  extensions  and  additions  to  the  work 
of  public  instruction,  within  their  jurisdiction,  and  to  direct 
the  establishment  of  such  new  schools  or  types  of  schools  as 
may  be  authorized  or  directed  elsewhere  in  this  Code. 

(n)  To  act  as  a  board  of  control  for  any  county  high 
schools,  county  vocational  schools,  county  truant  schools, 
county  agricultural  schools,  county  training  schools,  county 
libraries,  or  county  museums  which  may  be  established ;  to 
make  rules  and  regulations  for  the  control  of  such,  not  in- 
consistent with  law  or  with  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the 
state  board  of  education ;  and,  on  nomination  of  the  county 
superintendent  of  education,  to  appoint  all  principals,  teach- 
ers, and  other  employees  for  such. 

1  Just  as  a  city  school  board  holds  title  to  all  school  property  within  the  city 
school-district. 

1  When  city  school-districts  are  created  and  organized,  they  should  be  given 
the  title,  control,  and  upkeep  of  their  school  property. 


42  Educational  Reorganization 

(12)  To  appoint,  on  the  nomination  of  the  county  super- 
intendent of  education,  all  principals  and  teachers  for  all 
schools  in  the  subdistricts  within  the  county,  and  to  fix  and 
pay  them  their  salaries;   to  contract  for  all  supplies,  books, 
and  apparatus  needed  by  the  schools  under  their  jurisdiction ; 
to  establish  separate  subdistricts  for  the  colored  race,  as  may 
be  needed ;  and  to  maintain  all  schools  of  the  same  classifica- 
tion in  the  county,  under  their  jurisdiction,  for  an  equal  length 
of  time,  and  with  as  nearly  equal  school  facilities  as  is  possible.1 

(13)  To  appoint  school  directors  for  second-class  attendance- 
subdistricts,  and,  in  case  the  residents  fail  to  elect,  for  all  first- 
class  attendance-subdistricts  as  well. 

(14)  To  provide  for  the  taking  of  a  detailed  census  of  all 
children  in  the  county,  outside  of  city  school-districts,  as  pro- 
vided for  in  Chap.  XVI,  Art.  40,  of  this  Code. 

(15)  To  provide  for  health  supervision  and  instruction, 
as  required  by  Chap.  X  of  this  Code. 

(16)  On  the  recommendation  of  the  advisory  educational 
board,  provided  for  in  Sec.  22  of  this  article,  to  approve  of 
courses  of  study  and  text-books  for  the  elementary  and  second- 
ary schools  of  all  subdistricts  of  the  county ;  and,  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  principal  of  the  school  and  the  county  super- 
intendent of  education,  to  approve  of  courses  of  instruction  and 
text-books  for  all  special-type  county  schools  maintained.2 

(17)  To  direct  the  secretary  of  the  board  to  contract  for 
and  purchase,  and  supply  free  of  cost,  and  as  recommended 
by  the  county  superintendent  of  education,  all  regular  and 
supplemental  text-books  and  school  supplies  needed  by  the 
schools  under  their  jurisdiction. 

1  Just  as  city  school  boards  provide  for  an  equal  length  of  term  and  approxi- 
mately equal  educational  advantages  for  all  schools  in  the  city  school-district. 

3  This  is  an  educational  function,  and  here  the  board  should  act  only  on  the 
recommendation  of  its  educational  officers.  Courses  of  instruction  and  text- 
books are  to  be  selected  by  the  units  of  supervision. 


Revised  School  Code  43 

(18)  To  administer  the  relief  funds,  as  provided  for  in 
Chap.  XVI,  for  needy  children  in  the  subdistricts,  acting  on 
the  recommendation  of  the  county  attendance-officer. 

(19)  In  conjunction  with  county  boards  of  education  in  an 
adjoining  county  or  counties,  to  assist  hi  the  maintenance  of 
such  joint  attendance-subdistricts  as  may  be  needed,  and  as 
provided  for  under  Chap.  III. 

(20)  To  determine  the  annual  budget  for  schools,  library 
work,  and  other  educational  undertakings  within  the  county 
and  under  their  control,  as  provided  for  in  Chap.  VII;    to 
certify    the    county    school-tax,    and    all    special    school- 
taxes  for  all  districts  and  subdistricts,  to  the  county  board 
of  supervisors  for  levy ;  and  to  determine  the  appropriations 
for  different  educational  purposes  and  schools  under  their 
control.1 

(21)  To  receive  all  financial  and  statistical  reports  from 
the  city  school-districts,  and  to  cause  to  be  prepared  an  accu- 
rate annual  financial  and  statistical  report,  in  such  form  as  the 
state  commissioner  of  education  may  direct,  and  to  require 
that  the  same  be  transmitted  to  the  state  department  of  edu- 
cation by  or  before  the  fifteenth  day  of  July  of  each  year. 

(22)  To  cause  to  be  prepared  and  printed,  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  meet  the  reasonable  demand  for  such,  an  annual 
report,  addressed  to  the  people  of  the  county,  and  covering 
the  condition,  progress,  and  needs  of  the  schools;    recent 
results  accomplished ;  the  work  of  special  schools  maintained ; 
and  condensed  statistical  and  financial  statements,  with  such 
interpretations  of  the  same  as  may  seem  desirable.2    When 
printed,  in  addition  to  such  general  distribution  as  may  seem 

1  Just  as  a  city  school  board  does.  This  provides  for  definite  appropriations 
for  definite  objects,  with  an  extra  contingent  fund,  and  for  county  oversight  of 
all  tax  levies  for  schools. 

1  This  should  be  the  chief  means  by  which  the  county  board  of  education 
explains  its  work  and  educates  the  people  of  the  county  to  support  it  in  its  edu- 
cational efforts. 


44  Educational  Reorganization 

wise,  one  copy  of  this  report  must  be  sent  to  each  library  of 
whatever  kind  in  the  county ;  one  copy  sent  to  each  county 
board  of  education  in  the  state;  twenty-five  copies  sent  to 
the  state  department  of  education;  and  three  copies  to  the 
United  States  Commissioner  of  Education. 

(23)  To  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  directed  else- 
where in  this  Code,  or  by  subsequent  acts  of  the  general  as- 
sembly; and  to  perform  all  acts  reasonable  and  necessary 
for  the  advancement  of  the  educational  interests  of  the  county, 
the  general  diffusion  of  knowledge  among  the  people,  and 
the  promotion  of  the  welfare  of  the  child. 

ARTICLE  5.    COUNTY  SCHOOL  OFFICERS 

Sec.  19.  County  superintendents  of  education.  —  There 
shall  be  a  county  superintendent  of  education  in  each  county 
in  this  state,  who  shall  act  as  the  chief  executive  officer  of 
the  county  board  of  education.  All  county  superintendents  of 
schools  holding  office  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  this  act 
shall  become  the  new  county  superintendents  of  education, 
and  shall  continue  to  serve  for  the  remainder  of  the  term  for 
which  they  were  elected,  and  may,  on  vote  of  the  county 
board,  be  continued  in  office  until  the  end  of  the  fiscal *  year 
1914-1915;  and  thereafter  each  county  board  of  education 
shall  appoint  their  successors  in  office.  All  appointments  to 
fill  vacancies,  whether  caused  by  the  expiration  of  terms  or 
otherwise,  shall  be  for  four-year  terms.2  In  making  all 

1  The  terms  of  office  of  the  present  county  superintendents  of  schools  end  on 
Dec.  31,  1914.  This  continues  them  in  office  until  then,  giving  them  a  chance 
to  help  start  the  new  system,  and  also  giving  the  county  boards  a  chance  to 
find  out  whether  they  desire  to  continue  them  as  the  new  county  superintendents 
of  education,  for  the  four-year  term. 

1  The  object  of  this  provision  was  not  only  to  provide  for  a  four-year  term, 
but  also  to  provide,  gradually,  for  the  expiration  of  the  terms  at  different  times 
in  different  counties,  so  that  every  county  superintendency  in  the  state  shall 
not  become  vacant  at  the  same  time.  This  will  insure  a  better  choice,  and 


Revised  School  Code  45 

appointments  to  the  office  of  county  superintendent  of  edu- 
cation, each  county  board  of  education  shall  be  free  from  all 
restrictions  as  to  residence,  party,  religion,  race,  or  sex  of 
the  person  appointed,1  and  shall  determine  the  qualifications 
and  compensation  2  of  the  appointee ;  except,  that  the  com- 
pensation of  any  superintendent  shall  not  be  diminished  dur- 
ing his  term  of  office,  and  that,  after  July  i,  1917,  all  ap- 
pointees must  hold  some  grade  of  supervisory  certificate,  or 
have  credentials  entitling  them  to  such,  as  provided  for  in 
Chap.  XIII  of  this  Code.  County  superintendents  of  edu- 
cation shall  perform  such  duties  and  possess  such  powers  as 
are  specified  elsewhere  in  this  chapter  and  in  this  Code,  or  as 
may  be  assigned  to  them  by  county  boards  of  education  ;  and 
shall  have  the  right  to  attend  all  meetings  of  the  county  board 
of  education,  or  committees  thereof,  except  when  their  own 
tenure,  salary,  or  administration  are  under  consideration, 
and  with  the  right  to  advise  upon  any  question  under  consider- 
ation, but  with  no  right  to  vote.3  Any  county  board  of  edu- 
cation may  dismiss  the  county  superintendent  of  education 
at  any  time,  by  a  four-fifths  vote,  for  incompetency,  immoral- 
ity, insubordination,  or  wilful  neglect  of  duty,  and  appoint 
his  successor,  though  all  superintendents  so  dismissed  may 

more  competition  between  counties  for  the  best  men.  Some  members  of  the 
commission  wanted  to  divide  the  counties  into  four  groups,  and  provide  that 
at  the  first  election  one-fourth  should  be  elected  for  one-year,  one-fourth  for 
two-year,  one-fourth  for  three-year,  and  one-fourth  for  four-year  terms,  and 
thereafter  all  for  four-year  terms,  so  as  to  insure  a  better  distribution  of  the  time 
when  the  terms  of  office  of  the  county  superintendents  expire. 

1  It  was  desired  here  to  give  the  board  as  large  liberty  as  city  boards  now 
have  in  the  selection  of  a  city  superintendent  or  a  high  school  principal,  and  to 
eliminate  all  extraneous  considerations. 

2  This  provision  frees  the  county  boards  from  a  uniform  salary  schedule, 
and  enables  them  to  compete  for  the  services  of  good  men. 

1  This  insures  the  superintendent  a  legal  opportunity  to  be  heard  on  edu- 
cational matters;  his  good  sense  must  dictate  how  much  he  is  to  use  this 
right. 


46  Educational  Reorganization 

appeal  to  the  state  commissioner  of  education  for  a  review  of 
the  findings,  and  his  decision  shall  be  final. 

Sec.  20.  Other  officers  of  the  board.  —  Each  county  board 
of  education  shall  also  appoint  a  secretary,  who  shall  give 
bonds  for  the  faithful  performance  of  his  duty,  and  who  shall 
be  under  the  direction  of  the  county  superintendent  of  edu- 
cation. He  shall  have  charge  of  the  clerical,  statistical,  and 
financial  work  of  the  county  educational  office,  and  his  quali- 
fications, term,1  compensation,  and  bonds  2  shall  be  fixed  by 
the  county  board  of  education.  Whenever  county  libraries, 
as  provided  for  in  Chap.  V,  shall  have  been  organized  in  any 
county,  the  county  board  of  education  for  such  county  shall 
also  appoint  a  competent  county  librarian,  who  shall  have 
charge  and  control  of  the  county  library  and  its  branches.3 
County  boards  of  education  shall  also  appoint  a  county  at- 
tendance-officer, on  the  recommendation  of  the  county  super- 
intendent of  education,  to  supervise  the  taking  of  the  school 
census,  to  look  after  the  enforcement  of  the  compulsory 
education  and  child-labor  laws,  and  to  help  in  administering 
the  poor-relief  funds  provided  for  in  Chap.  XVI ;  and  may 
also  appoint  a  county  school-health-officer,  to  supervise  the 
health  work  and  physical  training  in  the  schools,  as  provided 
for  in  Chap.  X  of  this  Code.  The  county  treasurer  shall  act 
as  treasurer  for  all  school-districts  and  subdistricts  in  the 
county,  and  shall  pay  out  all  funds  on  the  orders  of  the  proper 

1  This  office  being  somewhat  confidential  in  its  nature,  and  requiring  intelli- 
gence, accuracy,  and  honesty,  it  was  not  thought  desirable  to  fix  any  term. 

2  As  the  work  will  naturally  vary  much  from  small  counties  where  the  per- 
son will  be  little  more  than  a  secretary  for  the  board  and  superintendent,  to  large 
counties  where  a  large  business  office  will  need  to  be  organized  and  a  good  busi- 
ness head  employed,  the  fixing  of  the  compensation  and  bonds  was  also  left  to 
the  county  board. 

8  The  state  library  now  being  under  the  state  department  of  education,  county 
libraries  are  now  placed  under  the  county  educational  system,  and  the  county 
librarian  is  made  an  appointee  of  the  county  board  of  education.  All  school 
libraries  now  become  a  part  of  the  county  library  system. 


Revised  School  Code  47 

district  authorities,  and  when  approved  by  the  secretary  of 
the  county  board  of  education.1 

Sec.  21.  Assistant  superintendents  and  other  appointees. 
-  Each  county  board  of  education  shall  also  appoint,  on  the 
recommendation  of  the  county  superintendent  of  education, 
such  assistant  county  superintendents  of  education,  super- 
visors of  special  subjects  of  instruction,  and  other  officials, 
clerks,  stenographers,  and  assistants,  and  fix  their  terms  and 
compensations,  as  the  educational  and  business  needs  of  the 
school  department  of  the  county  may  seem  to  require ;  pro- 
vided however,  that  in  all  counties  having  over  thirty  teachers 
working  in  schools  where  there  is  not  a  supervising  principal, 
with  at  least  three  hours  each  day  free  from  instruction  for 
the  purposes  of  supervision,  city  school-districts  excepted, 
an  assistant  superintendent  of  education  must  be  appointed 
for  each  additional  thirty  such  teachers,  or  fraction  thereof 
of  fifteen  or  more.2  The  county  superintendent  of  education, 
with  the  approval  of  the  county  board  of  education,  shall 
assign  all  such  assistant  superintendents  to  districts,  or  to 
special  forms  of  supervision. 

Sec.  22.  Advisory  educational  board.  —  In  all  counties 
where  the  county  superintendent  of  education  and  the 
assistant  county  superintendents  of  education  together  shall 
equal  five  or  more,  such  shall  constitute  the  advisory  edu- 

1  All  funds  now  remain  in  the  county  treasury,  and  all  school  warrants  are 
now  to  be  approved  before  payment  by  the  secretary  of  the  county  board. 
This  centralizes  and  systematizes  all  financial  matters.    The  old  plan  of  district 
treasurers  and  district  funds  was  both  a  waste  and  a  nuisance,  and  led  to  end- 
less confusion. 

2  This  leaves  each  county  board  free  to  provide  such  clerical  assistance  as 
the  business  needs  of  the  county  may  seem  to  require,  and  eliminates  the  con- 
stant quarreling  with  the   supervisors  to  get  enough  clerical  help  to  carry  on 
the  business  of  the  office.     Similarly,  each  board  is  free  to  employ  supervisors 
of  music,  drawing,  agriculture,  primary  work,  etc.,  as  they  see  fit,  the  only  re- 
quirement being  that  of  assistant  superintendents  in  proportion  as  the  number 
of  teachers  increases. 


48  Educational  Reorganization 

rational  board  for  the  county ;  and  in  counties  where  the 
combined  number  shall  be  less  than  five,  the  county  board  of 
education  shall  appoint,  from  among  the  teachers,  principals, 
or  special  supervisors  of  schools  within  the  county,  a  sufficient 
number  of  such  to  make,  together  with  the  superintendents 
mentioned  above,  a  board  of  five.  All  teachers,  principals, 
or  supervisors  so  appointed  shall  be  paid  their  necessary 
traveling  expenses  in  attending  meetings  of  the  board.  This 
advisory  educational  board  shall  meet,  at  the  call  of  the 
county  superintendent  of  education,  to  consider  such  matters 
as  he  may  lay  before  it,  and  shall  be  competent  to  advise  the 
county  board  of  education  as  to  the  adoption  of  courses  of 
study,  the  selection  of  text-books,  the  addition  of  new  features 
to  the  school  work,  and  the  classification  of  the  schools.1 

Sec.  23.  Superintendent's  powers  and  duties.  —  Each 
county  superintendent  of  education  shall  be  charged  with 
the  following  powers  and  duties :  — 

(1)  To  act  as  the  executive  officer  of  the  county  board  of 
education,  and  to  execute,  under  direction  of  the  board,  and 
in  person  or  through  subordinates,  all  educational  policies 
determined  upon  by  it.2 

(2)  To  act  as  the  chief  educational  officer  of  the  county,  and 
as  the  representative  of  the  state  commissoner  of  education 
within  the  county,  and  to  have  supervisory  control  of  all 
schools  under  the  county  board. 

(3)  To  see  that  the  laws  relating  to  schools  and  child-welfare 
are  obeyed,  and  that  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  state 

1  This  advisory  board  virtually  succeeds  to  the  important  functions  of  the 
old  county  boards  of  education,  except  that  they  are  now  advisory  to  the  super- 
intendent and  county  board,  instead  of  possessing  legislative  functions  them- 
selves. 

1  The  county  board  of  education  is  to  be  a  legislative  and  controlling  body, 
but  not  an  executive  one.  Once  it  has  determined  policies,  their  execution  is 
to  rest  with  the  executive  officers  of  the  board,  chief  of  which  is  the  county 
superintendent  of  education. 


Revised  School  Code  49 

board  of  education,  the  state  commissioner  of  education,  and 
the  county  board  of  education,  made  in  conformity  with  law, 
are  carried  into  effect. 

(4)  To  select   and    nominate,    for    appointment    by  the 
county  board  of  education,  such  assistant  superintendents, 
special    supervisors,    and    other   officers   and   assistants    as 
may  have   been  authorized   by  such   board   or   by  general 
law,  selecting   for   such   positions  persons  whose   qualifica- 
tions conform  to  law  and  whose  training,  experience,  and 
character  specially  commend  them  as  persons  well  fitted  for 
such  positions.1 

(5)  To  have  general  supervisory  control  of  all  offices  under 
the  county  board  of  education,  and  of  the  work  of  all  assist- 
ants and  subordinates;    to  outline,  direct,  and  coordinate 
their  work ;  and,  for  cause,  to  recommend  their  dismissal.2 

(6)  To  nominate,  for  election  by  the  county  board  of  edu- 
cation, all  teachers  and  principals  for  all  schools  in  the  attend- 
ance-subdistricts,  and  in  all  county  schools ;   to  assign  them 
to  their  positions,  when  elected;   to  transfer  them,   as   the 
needs  of  the  schools  seem  to  require ;  to  suspend  them,  for 
cause;  and  to  recommend  them  for  promotion,  or  for  dis- 
missal.3 

(7)  To  visit  the  schools  of  the  county,  observe  the  instruc- 
tion and  management,  and  give  helpful  suggestions  for  im- 

1  The  success  of  the  county  school-system  depends  greatly  upon  the  quali- 
fications and  cooperation  of  the  superintendent's  assistants.  A  lay  board  should 
themselves  select  as  little  expert  service  as  possible.  Having  selected  the  super- 
intendent, they  should  trust  his  judgment,  or  remove  him. 

1  The  responsibility  for  the  successful  conduct  of  the  county  office  naturally 
rests  with  the  superintendent,  hence  he  must  be  given  supervisory  control  of 
all  officers  and  subordinates. 

1  This  gives  a  unity  to  the  school-system  of  the  county  which  it  has  not  here- 
tofore known,  and  makes  possible  promotion  on  merit  to  those  entering  the 
county  service.  The  selection  of  teachers  for  the  schools  and  the  supervision 
of  instruction  should  go  hand  in  hand,  and  it  is  intended  here  that  the  county 
board  shall  elect  only  on  the  nomination  of  the  county  superintendent. 


50  Educational  Reorganization 

proving  the  same ;  to  advise  and  assist  teachers,  and  to  counsel 
with  school  directors;  to  cooperate  with  other  educational 
forces,  public  and  private ;  and  to  labor,  in  every  practicable 
way,  to  elevate  the  standards  of  management  and  instruc- 
tion, to  awaken  interest  in  educational  efforts,  and  to  improve 
the  educational  conditions  within  his  county.1 

(8)  To  organize  and  attend  county  and  local  or  district  in- 
stitutes, for  teachers  and  citizens ;  to  organize  and  direct  the 
work  of  the  reading-circles  in  his  county ;  to  direct  the  build- 
ing up  of  a  county  professional  library ;  to  advise  teachers  as 
to  professional  reading  and  study ;   and  to  assist  parents  and 
citizens  in  becoming  acquainted  with  educational  informa- 
tion and  literature.2 

(9)  To  decide,  on  appeal  to  him,  all  disputes  and  contro- 
verted points  arising  within  the  county,  and  relating  to  the 
interpretation  or  the  meaning  of  this  Revised  School  Code, 
the  powers  of  school  officers,  or  methods  of  procedure  under 
it.     His  decision  shall  be  final,  except  as  appeal  may  be  taken 
to  the  state  commissioner  of  education.3 

(10)  To  direct  the  taking  of  the  school  census  within  the 
county,  as  provided  for  in  Chap.  XVI  of  this  Code.     Should 
the  county  superintendent  disapprove  the  final  result,  or  any 
part  of  it,  either  for  the  county  school-district  or  for  a  city 
school-district  within  the  county,  he  may  order  the  part  or 
parts  disapproved  retaken,  appoint  the  census  marshals  to 

1  In  freeing  the  county  superintendent  from  office  details  it  is  intended  that 
he  shall  spend  much  of  his  time  in  actual  supervision  of  instruction,  and  in  awak- 
ening community  interest  in  the  schools. 

J  Both  this  subdivision  and  Chap.  XV  of  this  Code  make  much  of  the  reading- 
circle  and  other  professional  work,  and  the  stimulation  and  direction  of  this  is 
made  an  important  part  of  the  superintendent's  work. 

1  This  is  intended  to  be  a  simple,  cheap,  and  expeditious  method  of  settling 
disputes  and  controversies  relating  to  the  school  law,  appeal  from  his  decision 
lying  only  to  the  state  commissioner  of  education.  See  Sec.  12,  subdiv.  2. 
With  the  abolition  of  the  district  system  there  will  be  a  very  much  smaller 
number  of  quarrels  to  settle. 


Revised  School  Code  51 

retake  it,  and  order  the  bill  for  the  same  paid  by  the  county 
or  city  educational  authorities  concerned.1 

(i  i )  To  recommend  for  condemnation  school  buildings  which 
are  unsanitary  and  unfit  for  use ;  to  recommend  repairs,  or  the 
erection  of  new  buildings;  and  to  approve  all  plans  for  al- 
terations in  old  buildings,  in  conformity  with  the  provisions 
of  Chap.  IX  of  this  Code.2 

(12)  After  a  plan  for  county  educational  reorganization, 
as  provided  for  in  Art.  6  of  this  chapter,  has  been  adopted,  to 
recommend  any  changes  in  subdistrict  or  district  boundary 
lines  which  may  thereafter  seem  necessary,  and  to  approve 
all  proposed  changes  in  such,  from  whatever  source,  before 
action  is  taken  on  the  same  by  the  county  board  of  education.3 

(13)  To  approve  all  contracts  for  the  transportation  of 
children  to  and  from  school,  or  for  the  purchase  of  wagons, 
automobiles,  or  other  means  of  transportation,  except  in  city 
school-districts.4 

(14)  To  approve  the  apportionment  sheets  for  all  school 
funds,  as  prepared  by  the  secretary  of  the  board,  and  to 
approve  the  monthly  pay-roll  of  all  teachers  and  other  em- 
ployees of  the  county  board  of  education. 

(15)  To  act  as  the  county  representative  of  the  examining, 
certificating,  and  pensioning  division  of  the  state  department 
of  education,  and  to  issue  provisional  certificates,  as  provided 
for  in  Chap.  XIII  of  this  Code. 

1  Now  that  the  purpose  of  the  school  census  is  shifted  from  that  of  a  basis  for 
the  apportionment  of  money  to  that  of  a  knowledge  of  the  children  of  each  age, 
it  was  feared  that  some  city  districts,  and  possibly  some  subdistricts,  might 
become  negligent  in  the  matter,  so  the  power  of  ordering  it  retaken  at  the  negli- 
gent party's  expense  was  deemed  to  be  a  wise  provision. 

1  Except  in  large  cities,  where  a  regular  school  architect  is  likely  to  be  em- 
ployed, the  county  superintendent  is  charged  with  seeing  that  the  law  and  the 
regulations  of  the  state  department  of  education  are  followed  in  the  construc- 
tion and  repair  of  all  school  buildings. 

1  This  is  to  insure  that  only  proper  changes  will  be  made. 

4  This  is  to  prevent  extravagance,  poor  arrangements,  or  bad  contracts. 


52  Educational  Reorganization 

(16)  To  direct  and  approve  of  the  classification  or  reclassifi- 
cation  of  the  schools  of  the  county,  outside  of  cities;  and  to  direct 
and  approve  of  tests  to  determine  their  educational  efficiency. 

(17)  To  take  the  initiative  in  matters  relating  to  the  out- 
lining and  administration  of  the  courses  of  study,  the  approval 
of  text-books,  and  the  selection  and  supply  of  supplementary 
books  and  school  supplies,  for  all  schools  of  the  county,  outside 
of  city  school-districts. 

(18)  To  recommend  the  establishment  of  branch  libraries, 
as  needed,  and  to  assist  in  the  correlation  of  the  work  of  the 
schools,  libraries,  farmers'  institutes,  agricultural  advisory- 
service,  and  other  forms  of  educational  activities,  with  a  view 
to  rendering  the  largest  possible  service,  and  the  development 
of  the  school  as  a  center  for  the  community  life.1 

(19)  To  prepare  or  oversee  the  preparation  of  the  annual 
report,  required  of  the  county  board  of  education,  under  the 
provisions  of  Sec.  18,  subdiv.  22,  of  this  chapter.2 

(20)  To  perform  such  other  duties  and  to  have  such  other 
powers  as  may  be  assigned  to  him  from  time  to  time  by  the 
general  assembly,  or  by  direction  of  the  state  or  county  board 
of  education. 

Sec.  24.  Powers  and  duties  of  the  secretary.  —  The  secre- 
tary of  the  county  board  of  education  in  each  county  shall 
be  charged  with  the  following  powers  and  duties :  - 

(i)  To  act  as  secretary  of  the  county  board  of  education ; 
to  preserve  all  books,  records,  reports  of  school  officers,  papers, 
and  contracts,  and  to  attend  to  the  clerical,  statistical,  and 
financial  work  of  the  office,  under  the  direction  of  the  county 
superintendent  of  education,  and  the  county  board.3 

1  The  work  of  developing  community-center  schools  will  be  one  of  the  most 
important  features  of  the  new  county-unit  educational  system. 

*  This  would  naturally  be  thought  to  be  his  work,  but  it  was  thought  wise 
to  guard  the  superintendent  in  the  exercise  of  this  important  function. 

1  The  secretary,  under  this  Code,  now  succeeds  to  much  of  the  work  which 
formerly  occupied  the  time  and  energy  of  our  county  superintendents,  and  the 


Revised  School  Code  53 

(2)  To  see  that  all  required  reports  are  made  to  the  county 
office  by  the  different  school  district  and  attendance-subdistrict 
authorities  within  the  county ;   to  see  that  proper  forms  are 
used  and  observed,  and  that  proper  accounts  are  kept ;  and 
to  see  that  all  required  financial  and  statistical  reports  are 
made  to  the  state  department  of  education. 

(3)  To  make  all  purchases,  as  authorized  by  the  county 
board  of  education ;  to  approve  all  bills  for  payment,  and  to 
draw  all  warrants  for  services  or  materials,  for  approval  by 
the  proper  officers;    to  prepare  the  monthly  pay-roll  for  all 
teachers  outside  of  cities,  and  all  employees  of  the  county 
board,  for  approval  by  the  county  superintendent  of  education ; 
and  to  draw  warrants  for  the  payment  of  the  same,  when 
approved. 

(4)  To  purchase,  as  directed  by  the  county  board  of  edu- 
cation, all  text  and  supplemental  books  and  supplies  used  in 
the  schools ;   to  attend  to  the  distribution  of  the  same  to  the 
schools,  as  directed  by  the  superintendent  of  education ;  and, 
in  connection  with  the  county  librarian  and  with  the  approval 
of  the  superintendent  of  education,  to  make  rules  and  regu- 
lations for  their  use  and  care. 

(5)  To  keep  a  register  of  the  certificates  of  all  teachers 
teaching  within  the  county,  and  to  perform  all  clerical  work 
connected  with   the  examining,  certificating  and  pensioning 
of  teachers  and  validation  of  certificates  within  the  county,  as 
required  by  the  state  department  of  education. 

(6)  To  apportion,  as  provided  for  by  law,  and  subject  to 
the  approval  of  the  county  superintendent  of  education,  the 
income  from  all  state  and  county  school-funds  and  school- 
taxes,  all  special  taxes  for  schools  levied  by  subdistricts,  and 
all  special  taxes  for  schools  levied  under  the  direction  of  the 
county  board  of  education,  as  provided  for  in  the  annual 

secretary's  office  is  now  made  an  important  part  of  the  county  educational 
administration  machinery. 


54  Educational  Reorganization 

budget  adopted  by  the  county  board;  to  properly  accredit 
all  such  apportionments  and  unexpended  balances  ;  to  keep 
accurate  accounts  of  the  different  funds  apportioned  to  each 
school-district  or  subdistrict  within  the  county;  and  to 
enter  on  his  books,  and  approve  for  payment  by  the 
county  treasurer,  all  warrants  drawn  on  any  fund  by  any 
school-district  or  subdistrict  within  the  county,1  so  that  his 
books  will  at  all  times  show  the  condition  of  any  fund  within 
the  county. 

(7)  To  give  all  legal  notices  required  by  law  of  county  boards 
of  education  ;  to  give  notices  of  all  meetings  of  the  board  ; 
to  keep  in  his  office  an  accurate  map  and  description  of  all 
school-districts  and  attendance-subdistricts  within  the  county, 
and  of  all  property  belonging  to  the  county  school-district  ;  to 
issue  commissions  to  school  directors;  to  administer  oaths 
of  office  to  new  members  of  the  county  board  of  education  and 
to  the  county  superintendent  of  education  ;  to  sign,  as  secre- 
tary of  the  county  board  of  education,  all  contracts  which 
have  been  approved,  and  to  supervise  the  carrying  out  of 
these  contracts  ;  to  administer  oaths  to  aU  persons  riling 
claims  against  the  county  board  of  education,  and  otherwise 
as  required  by  law;  and  to  perform  such  other  clerical, 
statistical,  and  financial  duties  as  may  from  time  to  time  be 
imposed  by  law  or  by  direction  of  the  state  or  county  board 
of  education. 

Sec.  25.  Powers  and  duties  of  other  county  educational 
officers.  —  The  powers  and  duties  of  the  county  librarian,  the 
county  attendance-officer,  the  county  school-health-officer, 
and  such  other  county  educational  officers  as  may  be  ap- 
pointed, shall  be  as  specified  elsewhere  in  this  Code,  or  as 
may  be  outlined  by  the  proper  educational  authorities. 


sends  all  warrants  of  every  kind  on  the  school  funds  through  the 
secretary's  office  and  to  the  county  treasurer  for  payment.  This  will  cause  no 
inconvenience,  as  the  warrants  will  pass  within  the  county  as  bank  checks  do. 


Revised  School  Code  55 

ARTICLE  6.    COUNTY  EDUCATIONAL  REORGANIZATION 

Sec.  26.  Control  of  existing  school-districts.  —  The  admin- 
istration and  control  of  all  first  and  second-class  attendance- 
subdistricts,  as  defined  in  this  Code,  existing  at  the  time  it 
takes  effect,  shall  pass  to  the  control  of  the  county  boards 
of  education,  under  the  powers  granted  to  such  by  Arts.  4 
and  5  of  this  chapter  and  the  provisions  of  Chap.  Ill,  and 
they  shall  be  managed  by  such  county  boards  of  education  as 
a  unit,  under  the  provisions  of  this  Code,  and  in  the  best 
manner  possible,  but  with  full  power  from  the  first  to  aban- 
don small,  unnecessary,  or  inefficient  schools,  and  to  transport 
the  children  to  other  schools.1 

Sec.  27.  Reorganization  commission.  —  Within  one  year 
after  taking  office,  each  county  board  of  education  shall 
appoint  a  county  reorganization  commission,  to  make  a  survey 
of  the  educational  needs  of  the  county  and  to  study  the  best 
and  most  practicable  methods  for  reorganizing  the  schools  of 
the  county,  outside  of  city  school-districts.2  This  commis- 
sion shall  consist  of  the  five  members  of  the  county  board  of 
education,  the  county  superintendent  of  education,  two 
teachers  or  principals  of  experience  within  the  county,  to 
be  appointed  by  the  board,  and  one  expert  in  the  matter  of 
reorganization,3  to  be  designated  by  the  state  commissioner  of 

1  Under  the  county-unit  system  the  county  board  of  education  succeeds  to 
the  title  and  control  of  all  school  property  in  the  county,  outside  of  the  city 
school-districts.    Chapter  III  gives  the  classification  of  districts  and  subdistricts 
under  the  new  reorganization. 

2  The  idea  is  to  replace  the  many  scattered  small  schools  by  a  much  smaller 
number  of  community-center  schools  of  a  better  type,  offering  modern  educa- 
tional advantages  to  country  and  village  children.    Twenty  years  of  effort 
to  secure  such  schools  under  the  district  system  have  shown  the  hopelessness 
of  trying  to  secure  such  by  district  effort. 

8  There  was  much  discussion  as  to  how  to  constitute  this  commission.  Some 
favored  a  small  commission  of  three,  consisting  of  the  state  expert,  the  county 
superintendent,  and  either  the  president  of  the  county  board  or  a  teacher,  but 
the  present  plan  was  finally  decided  upon,  with  the  idea  of  enlisting  the  coopera- 
tion of  the  county  board  of  education,  by  using  the  professional  members. 


56  Educational  Reorganization 

education.  The  expenses  of  this  expert  shall  be  paid  by  the 
state  department ;  all  other  expenses  of  the  commission  shall 
be  paid  by  the  county  board  of  education. 

Sec.  28.  Survey  to  be  made.  —  This  commission  shall 
proceed  to  make  a  survey  of  the  educational  offering  and  needs 
of  the  county,  taking  into  consideration  all  such  factors  as 
density  and  character  of  population;  location,  character, 
and  effectiveness  of  existing  schools;  the  attendance  at  the 
same;  the  geographical  configuration  of  the  county;  the 
condition  of  roads,  and  means  of  transportation ;  the  probable 
future  development  and  educational  needs;  the  need  for 
instruction  in  agriculture,  manual  training,  and  domestic 
arts;  secondary-school  facilities  provided,  and  needed;  the 
need  for  separate  schools  for  the  negro  race ;  and  the  need  for 
any  special-type  elementary  or  secondary  schools  to  meet 
special  educational  needs ;  —  with  a  view  to  providing  for 
the  best  possible  reorganization  of  the  educational  work  of 
the  county,  in  a  series  of  community-center  consolidated 
schools,  with  partial  or  complete  high  schools  attached,  and 
with  transportation  provided  as  needed,  retaining  the  one- 
teacher  school  only  in  such  places  as  seem  to  be  necessary  to 
meet  special  educational  conditions. 

Sec.  29.  Powers  of  the  commission.  —  The  commission 
may  provide  for  the  alteration  of  district  lines,  the  abolition 
or  consolidation  of  districts,  or,  where  the  public  convenience 
will  be  best  served  by  so  doing,  for  the  annexing  of  portions 
or  wholes  of  existing  contiguous  school-districts  to  city  school- 
districts.  It  may  also  provide  for  joint  school-districts  with 
another  county.  It  shall  also  provide  for  a  comprehensive 
scheme  for  secondary  education,  by  which  all  the  children  of 
the  county  may  be  provided  with  some  form  of  secondary- 
school  advantages,  as  required  by  Art.  14  of  this  Code.  When 
the  work  has  been  completed  the  commission  shall  formulate 
a  report  and  prepare  a  map,  stating  the  reasons  for  the  changes 


Revised  School  Code  57 

and  showing  the  reorganizations  necessary,  and  shall  submit  the 
same  to  the  state  commissioner  of  education  for  his  approval. 
Sec.  30.  Superintendent's  approval  of  plan.  —  If  the  plan 
for  the  reorganization  of  the  educational  resources  of  any 
county,  as  submitted  to  the  state  commissioner  of  education, 
shall  substantially  meet  the  intent  of  the  law,  he  shall  approve 
the  same,  and  transmit  it  to  the  county  board  of  education 
for  the  county  for  adoption,  after  which  such  board  shall 
proceed  to  put  the  reorganization  plan  into  operation,  as 
rapidly  as  is  practicable.  The  commissioner  of  education 
may  suggest  changes  or  additions,  or  he  may  disapprove  the 
plan  proposed  if  he  considers  it  inadequate,  too  elaborate  and 
expensive,  or  one  which  does  not  comply  with  the  intent  of 
this  article,  in  which  case  he  shall  state  his  reasons  for  disap- 
proval, in  writing,  and  suggest  changes  and  additions  which, 
in  his  judgment,  will  produce  a  satisfactory  plan.1  Upon 
receipt  of  such  a  disapproval,  with  reasons  or  suggestions  for 
change,  the  county  reorganization  commission  shall  meet  and 
consider  the  matter  again,  with  a  view  to  meeting  the  objec- 
tions of  the  commissioner  of  education,  and  shall  later  submit 
to  him  either  a  revision  of  the  plan  which  substantially  meets 
the  objections  raised,  or  submit  valid  reasons  for  not  desiring 
to  comply.  If  the  revision  presented,  or  the  reasons  for  not 
complying,  either  wholly  or  in  part,  shall  substantially  meet 
the  objections  of  the  commissioner  of  education,  and  the 
intent  of  the  law,  he  shall  approve  the  same  and  transmit 
the  plan  to  the  county  board  of  education  for  adoption ;  should 
the  commissioner  of  education  still  feel  that  the  plan  as  sub- 
mitted does  not  comply  with  the  intent  of  the  law,  he  may 

1  This  places  the  adoption  of  a  satisfactory  plan  in  the  hands  of  the  county 
authorities,  subject  to  the  approval  only  of  the  state  commissioner  of  educa- 
tion. The  people  have  not  been  asked  to  vote  on  the  plan,  partly  because 
ignorant  opposition  would  often  defeat  a  really  good  plan,  and  partly  because 
the  authority  for  the  creation  of  schools,  as  denned  by  Sec.  3  of  Art.  IX  of  the 
constitution  of  Osceola,  does  not  rest  with  the  districts  at  all. 


58  Educational  Reorganization 

again  disapprove,  after  which  the  same  procedure  outlined 
above  shall  be  repeated. 

Sec.  31.  Penalty  for  failure.  —  If  any  county  board  of 
education  shall  fail  to  adopt  a  satisfactory  plan  for  county 
reorganization  within  three  years  from  the  taking  effect  of 
this  Code,  or  shall  fail  to  put  the  same  into  substantial  opera- 
tion, when  adopted,  within  four  years  from  the  taking  effect 
of  this  Code,1  or  submit  reasons  for  not  so  doing  which  shall 
be  satisfactory  to  the  state  commissioner  of  education,  he 
shall  then  appoint  experts  to  visit  the  county  and  determine 
the  number  of  each  kind  of  teachers  which  would  be  needed 
to  teach  the  schools  of  the  county,  outside  of  city  school-dis- 
tricts, and  providing  only  for  the  kind  and  scope  of  education 
at  the  time  provided,  if  the  schools  of  the  county  were  reor- 
ganized along  good  and  feasible  lines,  and  report  their  findings 
to  him;  and,  when  approved  by  him,  such  number,  in  no 
case  larger  than  the  number  employed  at  that  time,  shall 
constitute  the  number  of  teacher-apportionments  from  the 
income  from  the  state  school-tax  to  which  such  county  school- 
district  shall  be  henceforth  entitled,  as  provided  for  in  Chap. 
VIII  of  this  Code,  and  no  extra  aid  from  the  state  school- 
fund  income,  as  provided  in  Sec.  116,  Chap.  VIII,  shall  be 
made  to  such  county  school-district  until  it  satisfactorily 
complies  with  the  reorganization  law.2 

1  This  gives  a  good  length  of  time  for  the  education  of  the  counties,  and  also 
gives  time  to  work  out  surveys  and  perfect  administrative  machinery.  It  also 
spreads  out,  over  a  number  of  years,  the  consolidated-school  building  grants 
provided  for  by  Sec.  133  of  this  Code. 

1  In  most  of  the  counties  of  this  state  the  rural  and  town  schools  could  be 
taught  better  by  from  twenty-five  to  thirty-five  per  cent  fewer  teachers  than  now 
employed.  Under  the  census-basis  of  apportioning  funds  this  was  of  less  im- 
portance than  under  the  new  teacher-unit  basis.  The  state  is  not  interested 
in  paying  for  unnecessary  teachers,  and  if  any  county  refuses  to  properly  re- 
organize its  schools  the  penalty  will  be  that  the  state  will  refuse  to  pay  for  more 
teachers  than  would  be  needed,  for  the  same  kind  of  instruction,  under  proper 
reorganization,  and  also  refuse  to  give  any  extra  assistance  to  such  county  school- 
district  from  the  income  of  the  permanent  state  school-fund. 


CHAPTER  III.    DISTRICT  EDUCATIONAL  ORGANI- 
ZATION 

ARTICLE  7.     CLASSIFICATION    AND    MANAGEMENT    OF 
DISTRICTS 

Sec.  32.  Classification  of  districts.  —  All  school-districts 
in  this  state,  now  existing  or  hereafter  organized,  shall,  on 
the  taking  effect  of  this  Revised  School  Code,  be  reclassified 
as  county  school-districts  or  as  city  school-districts. 

Sec.  33.  County  school-districts.  —  Each  county,  except- 
ing only  territory  comprised  in  city  school-districts,  shall 
constitute  one  county  school-district,  and  shall  be  under  the 
control  and  management  of  a  county  board  of  education.1 
For  convenience  in  the  establishment  of  schools,  the  regula- 
tion of  attendance,  and  the  supervision  of  buildings,  county 
boards  of  education  may  subdivide  those  portions  of  the 
county  under  their  control  into  attendance-subdistricts,  of  two 
classes,  as  follows :  - 

(1)  Second-class  attendance-subdistricts,  which  shall  include 
all  school-districts  now  existing  and  all  attendance-subdistricts 
hereafter  created  which  have  three  teachers,  or  a  less  number, 
employed  for  full  time  in  their  school  or  schools.2 

(2)  First-class  attendance-subdistricts,  which  shall  include  all 
school-districts  now  existing  and  all  attendance-subdistricts 

1  This  unifies  the  county  under  one  county  system,  but  with  large  inde- 
pendence for  the  cities. 

1  There  will  be  but  very  few  schools  in  this  class  which  will  employ  more  than 
one  teacher  and,  after  the  reorganizations  provided  for  by  Art.  6,  but  few 
second-class  subdistricts  in  the  state. 

59 


60  Educational  Reorganization 

hereafter  created  which  have  four  or  more  teachers  employed 
for  full  time  in  their  schools,  supervising  principals  not  teach- 
ing being  counted  as  full-time  teachers,  and  part-time  teachers 
being  counted  for  the  fractional  time  they  render  service.1 

(3)  Joint  school-districts. — Joint  school  attendance-subdis- 
tricts,  of  either  class,  may  be  established  by  the  joint  action  of 
two  or  more  county  boards  of  education,  for  the  convenience 
of  children  living  near  the  borderlines  of  counties.  All  such 
subdistricts  shall  be  under  the  educational,  statistical,  and 
financial  control  of  the  board  of  education  and  the  super- 
visory control  of  the  county  superintendent  of  education  of 
the  county  in  which  the  schoolhouse  is  located. 

First  and  second-class  attendance-subdistricts  may  be 
changed  from  one  to  the  other  by  county  boards  of  educa- 
tion, or  they  may  be  altered  or  abolished,  as  the  needs  of  the 
schools  may  seem  to  require. 

Sec.  34.  City  school-districts.  —  All  school-districts  in 
this'  state,  now  existing  or  hereafter  organized,  which  employ 
twenty-five  or  more  full-time  teachers,  —  supervising  princi- 
pals, superintendents  of  instruction,  and  special  teachers  to  be 
included,  and  part-time  teachers  to  be  counted  for  the  frac- 
tional time  they  render  service,  —  and  which  maintain  a  full 
elementary  and  secondary  course  of  instruction,  and  employ 
a  city  superintendent  of  schools  who  is  not  required  to  teach 
to  exceed  one  hour  a  day,  and  are  or  may  become  properly 
organized,  as  provided  by  Sec.  37  of  this  Code,  shall  be  known 
as  city  school-districts,  shall  be  under  the  control  and  manage- 

1  This  class  will  include  all  of  the  small  town  schools,  all  of  the  newer  consoli- 
dated schools,  and  a  few  of  the  smaller  county-seat  towns.  Where  the  schools 
of  the  county-seat  town  come  under  the  county  board,  as  will  happen  in  a  few 
of  the  smaller  and  more  rural  counties,  a  system  of  administration  analogous 
to  that  of  a  New  England  town  will  prevail,  and  the  schools  of  the  entire  county 
will  then  be  under  one  board  of  control.  In  the  present  days  of  good  roads, 
telephones,  and  automobile  transportation,  this  will  prove  to  be  a  good  and 
an  economical  arrangement. 


Revised  School  Code  61 

ment  of  city  boards  of  education,1  and  shall  be  divided  into 
two  classes,  as  follows :  — 

(1)  Second-class   city   school-districts,   which   shall   include 
all   properly   organized   city   school-districts   which   employ 
twenty-five  or  more  and  less  than  four  hundred  teachers,  as 
defined  above,  for  full  time. 

(2)  First-class  city  school-districts,  which  shall  include  all 
properly  organized  city  school-districts  which  employ  more 
than  four  hundred  teachers,2  as  defined  above,  for  full  time. 

Sec.  35.  Existing  districts.  —  All  school-districts  existing 
in  this  state  at  the  time  this  Revised  School  Code  takes  effect 
shall  be  classified  by  the  different  county  boards  of  education, 
as  provided  for  in  this  article.  All  county  school-districts  and 
subdistricts  shall  pass  under  the  control  and  management  of 
the  county  boards  of  education ;  and  all  districts  which  comply 
with  the  provisions  of  this  article  relating  to  city  districts, 
and  become  properly  organized,  shall  pass  to  the  control  and 
management  of  city  boards  of  education,  subject  to  the 
powers  reserved  to  the  county  and  the  state  educational 
authorities.  By  the  mutual  consent  and  agreement  of  the 
county  board  of  education  and  the  city  board  of  educa- 
tion for  the  city  concerned,  subdistricts  or  parts  of  sub- 
districts  may  be  transferred  from  the  county  school-district 
to  a  city  school-district,  or  vice  versa,  as  the  educational 
needs  of  the  children  therein  may  seem  to  require.3  The 

1  This  provides  for  a  separate  corporate  organization  for  the  cities,  and  sub- 
sequent sections  give  them  many  independent  powers.  The  dividing  line  of 
twenty-five  teachers  was  selected,  after  some  study  of  conditions  in  the  state, 
as  the  point  at  which  the  differentiation  could  be  made  to  take  effect  most 
equitably.  A  teacher-employed  basis  was  selected  in  preference  to  the  school 
population  or  total  population  bases  as  better  related  to  conditions  existing, 
the  desire  being  to  give  those  cities  which  do  most  for  their  children  the  largest 
liberty.  It  was  found  that  differences  as  large  as  forty  per  cent,  in  the  number 
of  teachers  employed,  exist  in  cities  of  the  same  census  size  in  this  state. 

*  This  number  also  marks  a  clear  differentiation  in  Osceola. 

1  This  provision   makes   for  possible  consolidation  of  adjacent   districts 


62  Educational  Reorganization 

initiative  for  such  transfers  and  changes  may  come  from  either 
board,  or  by  a  petition  to  both  boards  signed  by  the  parents 
of  twenty  children  of  school  age,  residing  in  the  area  proposed 
to  be  transferred ;  but  the  final  decision  as  to  the  desirability 
of  the  change  shall  rest  with  the  county  board  of  education. 

Sec.  36.  Attendance-subdistrict  school  officers.  —  For  the 
control  of  such  matters  as  are  intrusted  to  them  by  law,  and 
to  act  as  representatives  of  the  county  board  of  education  in 
the  attendance-subdistricts,  the  following  local  school  officers 
shall  be  provided  for :  — 

(j)  Second-class  attendance-subdistricts  shall  have  one  school 
director,  to  be  appointed  by  the  county  board  of  education, 
and  whose  term  of  office  shall  expire  with  the  fiscal  year, 
though  the  county  board  of  education  may  change,  con- 
solidate, or  abolish  the  subdistrict,  as  they  may  see  fit. 
They  may  also,  at  any  time,  remove  a  director  from  office 
for  gross  incompetency,  dishonesty,  or  willful  neglect  of 
duty,  and  fill  his  place  by  appointment  for  the  unexpired 
term.  The  clerk  of  the  board  of  school  trustees  in  office  at 
the  time  this  Code  goes  into  effect  shall  be  continued  as  the 
new  subdistrict  school  director,  for  a  period  of  one  year, 
unless  the  district  be  abolished  or  consolidated  at  an  earlier 
date,  while  the  terms  of  office  of  all  other  school  trustees  in 
such  subdistrict  shall  terminate  on  the  first  day  of  July 
following  the  taking  effect  of  this  Code.1 

(2)  First-class  attendance-subdistricts  shall  have  a  board  of 
three  school  directors,  one  to  be  elected  each  year,  from  the 

with  the  city,  for  educational  purposes,  which  can  often  be  done  with  both 
financial  and  educational  advantage.  It  also  places  the  regulation  of  school- 
district  and  subdistrict  lines  with  the  central  educational  county  board,  where 
it  should  be  placed. 

1  This  reduces  the  small  district  school-boards  from  three  to  one,  which  is 
enough  under  the  new  and  more  limited  powers  granted  to  these  subdistrict 
authorities.  It  also  reduces  the  number  of  school  officials  in  this  state  by 
about  fifteen  thousand,  which  is  a  decided  educational  gain. 


Revised  School  Code  63 

attendance-subdistrict  at  large,  at  the  June  school  elections 
provided  for  by  Art.  8  of  this  chapter,  and  for  a  three-year 
term.  They  shall  select  one  of  their  number  for  president 
and  one  for  clerk  of  the  board,  at  the  first  meeting  of  each 
fiscal  year.  Boards  of  school  trustees  in  all  school-districts 
now  existing,  which  will  be  classified  as  first-class  attendance- 
subdistricts  under  this  Code,  and  which  are  continued  in  ex- 
istence by  the  county  board  of  education,  shall  continue  to 
hold  office  for  the  terms  for  which  they  were  elected  or  ap- 
pointed, and  shall  constitute  the  boards  of  school  directors  for 
such  attendance-subdistricts ;  provided,  however,  that  in  those 
attendance-subdistricts  where  the  number  of  members  of  such 
boards  would  be  larger  than  three,  the  terms  of  office  of  a 
sufficient  number  of  trustees  to  reduce  the  number  to  three  1 
shall  expire  on  the  first  day  of  July  following  the  taking  effect 
of  this  Code  —  those  whose  terms  would  expire  earliest  being 
selected  for  retirement,  and,  in  case  of  doubt  as  to  who 
should  so  retire,  the  designation  of  the  county  board  of 
education  shall  be  final.2  This  board  shall  also  fill  by  appoint- 
ment all  vacancies  occurring  in  the  boards  of  school  directors 
for  first-class  attendance-subdistricts,  such  appointees  to  hold 
office  until  their  successors,  elected  at  the  next  June  school 
elections,  have  qualified ;  and  may  remove  any  director  from 
office  and  appoint  his  successor,  for  any  of  the  reasons  for 
which  they  may  remove  a  director  in  a  second-class  attend- 
ance-subdistrict.3 The  county  board  of  education  may  also 
alter  or  abolish  any  first-class  attendance-subdistrict,  as  pro- 
vided for  by  sections  33  and  35  of  this  Code. 

1  Only  some  twenty  boards  in  the  state  will  need  to  be  reduced  from  five  to 
three. 

J  As  the  county  board  of  education  fills  all  vacancies  in  such  boards,  it  was 
felt  that  their  judgment  should  be  final.  This  gives  a  simple,  expeditious 
method  of  settling  any  controversy  which  may  arise  in  adjusting  terms. 

*  This  also  provides  a  simple  and  expeditious  method  for  removing  from  office 
directors  who  are  grossly  incompetent,  dishonest,  or  willfully  neglect  their  duties, 
f 


64  Educational  Reorganization 

Sec.  37.  City  boards  of  education.  —  Each  city  board  of 
education  shall  consist  of  five  members,  one  to  be  elected 
each  year,  at  the  annual  June  school  elections  provided  for 
by  Art.  8  of  this  chapter,  and  for  a  five-year  term.1  Elections 
shall  be  at  large  from  the  city  school-district,  and  not  by  wards 
or  .other  subdivisions.  In  city  school-districts  of  the  first 
class  the  charter  of  the  city  with  which  the  school-district 
may  be  partly  or  wholly  coterminous  may  provide  for  the 
appointment  of  members  at  large  by  the  mayor  of  the  city,2 
instead  of  election,  but  the  terms  of  office,  number  of  members, 
time  of  taking  office,  and  duties  must  be  as  provided  in  this 
Code.  City  boards  of  education  which  are  elected  shall  fill 
any  vacancy  which  may  occur  in  their  own  membership,  the 
appointee  holding  office  until  his  successor,  elected  at  the  next 
June  school  election,  for  the  unexpired  term,  shall  have  quali- 
fied ; 3  in  the  case  of  appointed  boards  the  mayor  shall  fill  all 
vacancies  by  appointment,  and  for  the  unexpired  term. 

Sec.  38.    Old  boards  may  continue.  —  Boards  of  school 

and  the  filling  of  their  places  by  men  or  women  who  will  attend  to  the  work. 
In  the  past  there  has  been  nothing  to  do  but  to  await  a  new  election.  The 
new  county  boards  of  education,  vested  as  they  are  with  large  powers,  cannot 
work  through  such  directors  as  have  filled  the  office  in  many  districts  in  the 
past.  As  the  county  board  is  responsible  for  results,  it  should  be  given  power 
to  enforce  attention  to  the  duties  of  the  office  of  school  director. 

1  This  section  unifies  the  boards  for  all  cities  as  to  size  and  term,  and  elimi- 
nates the  ward  system,  party  nominations,  and  election  at  the  same  time  as 
the  city  political  election.  City  school  boards  in  Osceola  now  run  from  three 
at  large  to  twenty-four  by  wards,  and  with  terms  of  two,  three,  and  four  years. 
In  some  cities  all  members  are  elected  new  biennially,  though  most  cities  elect 
one-half  biennially,  for  a  four-year  term.  Due  to  the  filling  of  vacancies,  a 
majority  of  most  city  school  boards  are  new  following  each  election,  thus  ren- 
dering any  continuing  policy  impossible.  The  power  of  the  state  commissioner 
of  education  (Sec.  12,  subdiv.  6)  to  remove  members  of  city  boards  from  office, 
on  charges  of  incompetency,  dishonesty,  or  willful  disobedience  of  law,  was 
inserted  by  the  commission  to  serve  as  a  check  on  the  longer  term. 

1  This  option  was  felt  to  be  desirable  for  the  large  cities. 

1  This  was  felt  by  all  to  be  a  more  desirable  method,  for  cities  electing  their 
boards,  than  appointment  by  the  mayor  or  by  the  county  board  of  education. 


Revised  School  Code  65 

trustees  or  boards  of  education,  holding  office  in  city  school- 
districts  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  this  Act,  shall  constitute 
the  new  boards  of  education  for  such  city  school-districts, 
except  that  where  the  number  now  constituting  such  boards 
shall  be  greater  than  five,  the  number  shall  be  reduced  to  five 
by  the  retirement  of  a  sufficient  number  of  those  having  the 
shortest  time  to  serve.  In  case  the  number  of  members  shall  be 
less  than  five,  the  number  shall  be  increased  by  election,  at  the 
June  elections  provided  for  by  Art.  8  of  this  Code,  by  electing 
additional  members  for  the  longer  terms.  After  providing  for 
the  decrease  or  increase  in  the  membership  of  such  boards 
so  as  to  provide  for  boards  of  five  members,  should  the  terms 
of  the  members  not  fully  provide  for  the  proper  expiration 
of  the  term  of  one  member  each  year,  as  provided  for  by  Sec. 
37,  the  county  board  of  education  for  the  county  shall  then  re- 
classify  the  terms  of  the  members,  altering  the  terms  for  which 
they  were  elected  as  little  as  possible,  so  as  to  provide  for  the 
proper  expiration  of  terms.  In  all  cases  of  doubt  as  to  the 
interpretation  of  this  section,  the  county  board  of  education 
shall  decide,  and  its  decision  shall  be  final. 

Sec.  39.  Creation  of  city  school-districts.  —  When  any 
first-class  attendance-subdistrict  shall  come  to  have  at  least 
twenty-five  teachers  employed,  and  shall  be  able  and  will- 
ing to  fulfill  all  the  requirements  for  erection  into  a  second- 
class  city  school-district,  and  the  people  of  the  subdistrict 
shall  vote  to  petition  the  county  board  of  education  so  to  do, 
and  shall  agree  by  vote  to  assume  their  proper  share  of  the 
indebtedness  of  the  county  school-district,  the  county  board 
of  education,  if  convinced  that  the  subdistrict  can  continue 
to  meet  the  requirements,1  shall  make  an  order  creating  it  as 

1  This  makes  proper  provision  for  the  growth  of  new  cities,  but  gives  to  the 
county  board  power  to  determine,  before  creating  such,  whether  or  not  their 
growth  and  ability  to  comply  with  the  conditions  of  the  law  are  likely  to  be 
permanent. 

F 


66  Educational  Reorganization 

such,  to  take  effect  with  the  beginning  of  the  next  fiscal  year, 
and  shall  direct  the  election  of  additional  members  for  the 
board  of  education  of  the  city  school-district,  as  provided  for 
in  Sec.  37  of  this  Code.  The  amount  of  the  county  school-dis- 
trict's bonded  indebtedness  which  the  new  city  school-district 
is  to  assume  shall  be  proportional  to  the  amounts  incurred 
for  the  benefit  of  the  two  districts,  and  shall  be  settled  by 
arbitration  between  the  two  boards.  In  case  the  two  boards 
cannot  agree,  the  case  shall  be  laid  before  the  commissioner 
of  education,  and  his  decision  shall  be  final.  The  two  members 
of  the  old  subdistrict  board  of  school  directors,  who  still  have 
one  and  two  years  to  serve,  shall  constitute  two  of  the  members 
of  the  new  city  board,  to  serve  for  the  length  of  their  unexpired 
terms,  while  three  new  members,  for  three-,  four-,  and  five- 
year  terms  respectively,  shall  be  elected  in  June  to  complete  the 
new  board.  When  properly  organized,  and  when  agreements  as 
to  the  assumption  of  indebtedness  have  been  signed,  the  county 
board  of  education  shall  pass  title  to  all  the  school  property 
within  the  new  city  school-district 1  to  the  new  board  of  edu- 
cation for  the  city  school-district,  together  with  the  manage- 
ment and  control  of  the  schools,  subject  to  the  powers,  duties, 
and  reservations  of  authority  provided  for  in  this  Code.  Sec- 
ond-class city  school-districts,  which  have  attained  the  re- 
quired size,  may  be  erected  into  first-class  city  school-districts, 
on  petition  therefor  by  the  city  board  of  education  to  the 
county  board  of  education,  and  shall  succeed  to  all  the  powers 
and  duties  of  first-class  city  school-districts.  Should  any 
city  school-district  cease  to  employ  a  city  superintendent  of 
schools,  with  the  required  free  time  for  supervision,  or  to 
maintain  a  full  elementary  and  secondary  course  of  instruc- 
tion, or,  for  any  cause,  come  to  employ  less  than  twenty-five 

1A11  cities,  as  school  corporations,  should  be  given  control  of  their  school 
buildings,  and  be  expected  to  provide  for  their  building  needs  of  the  future,  as 
required  by  law. 


Revised  School  Code  67 

teachers,  such  district  may  be  reduced  to  a  first-class  attend- 
ance-subdistrict  and  pass  back  to  the  supervision  and  manage- 
ment of  the  county  board  of  education.1 

ARTICLE  8.    THE  SCHOOL  ELECTIONS 

Sec.  40.  June  school  elections.  —  A  separate  election  for 
school  officers  is  hereby  provided  for  and  ordered  held  each 
year,  on  the  second  Saturday  in  June,  the  first  elections  to  be 
held  in  June,  1914.  At  such  elections,  members  of  county 
and  city  boards  of  education  and  subdistrict  directors  for 
first-class  attend ance-subdistricts  shall  be  elected;  bonds  or 
increased  taxes  may  be  voted,  as  elsewhere  in  this  Code  pro- 
vided ;  and  county  or  city  boards  of  education  may  ask  the 
opinion  of  the  electors  on  any  question  relating  to  the  con- 
duct of  the  schools,  upon  which  such  boards  may,  by  vote, 
express  a  desire  to  secure  an  opinion.2 

Sec.  41.  Notices  of  election.  —  The  existing  county  super- 
intendents of  schools  shall  give  the  notices  of  the  necessary 
elections  in  1914,  and  thereafter  the  secretary  of  each  county 
board  of  education  shall  give  the  necessary  notices  by  means 
of  a  printed  proclamation,  issued  at  least  three  weeks  in  ad- 
vance of  the  day  set  for  the  elections,  and  which  shall  be 
ordered  posted  conspicuously  on  the  schoolhouse  in  all  second- 
class  attendance-subdistricts,  and  on  the  schoolhouses  and  in 
two  public  meeting  places  in  all  first-class  attendance-sub- 
districts.  Copies  of  the  proclamation  issued  by  the  secre- 

1  This  condition  might  happen  in  a  few  places,  by  reason  of  loss  in  popula- 
tion, and  might  happen  in  any  small  city  by  the  board  dismissing  its  super- 
intendent or  reducing  its  teaching  force.  As  one  of  the  prime  considerations 
for  erecting  the  city  as  an  independent  unit  was  to  secure  the  election  of  a  super- 
intendent, with  free  time  for  supervision,  failure  to  observe  this  requirement 
should  put  the  city  under  county  supervision  again. 

1  This  is  a  new  election,  to  be  held  on  a  day  uniform  throughout  the  state, 
and  provided  for  the  purpose  of  taking  the  school  elections  out  of  party  politics. 
The  opinion  asked  would  of  course  be  only  advisory. 


68  Educational  Reorganization 

tary  of  the  board  shall  be  mailed  to  each  school  officer  of 
the  county  school-district,  to  each  person  designated  to  act 
as  inspector  or  judge  of  election,  and  to  each  newspaper  and 
each  library  in  the  county,  with  sufficient  copies  to  the  direc- 
tor or  clerk  of  each  attendance- subdistrict  to  enable  him  to 
do  the  required  posting  of  the  proclamation,  which  it  shall 
be  his  duty  to  do.  In  city  school-districts  the  proclamation 
shall  be  printed  at  least  twice  in  a  newspaper  of  general  cir- 
culation within  the  city  school-district.  The  polling  places 
shall  be  at  the  public  elementary  schoolhouses,  unless  other- 
wise designated ;  the  voting  precincts  shall  be  the  same  as  the 
attendance-districts  for  such  schools,  and  the  polls  shall  be 
open  from  9  A.M.  to  6  P.M. 

Sec.  42.  Nature  of  election  notices.  —  The  proclamations 
shall  state  the  day,  places,  and  hours  when  and  where  the 
election  is  to  be  held ;  what  school  officials  are  to  be  elected 
in  each  district,  or  subdistrict;  what  if  any  taxes  are  to  be 
voted ;  what  if  any  questions  of  policy  are  to  be  voted  upon ; 
and  shall  designate  one  inspector  and  two  judges  of  election 
for  each  election  precinct  in  the  district  or  subdistrict.  Should 
the  secretary  of  the  county  board  of  education  fail  to  give 
the  required  notices,  within  two  weeks  of  the  day  fixed  by 
law  for  holding  the  elections,  any  three  electors  in  any  county 
subdistrict  may  post  the  required  notices  and  provide  for 
the  conduct  of  the  election.  In  all  city  school-districts  the 
secretary  of  the  city  board  of  education  shall  give  the  notices, 
in  a  similar  manner,  and  should  he  fail  to  do  so  within  two 
weeks  of  the  time  fixed  by  law  for  holding  the  election,  any 
three  electors  may,  similarly,  give  such  notices  and  arrange 
for  the  conduct  of  the  election.  Should  the  persons  designated 
as  inspector  and  judges  of  election  fail  to  appear,  or  any  of 
them,  at  the  time  set  for  opening  the  polls,  or  if  none  are 
appointed,  the  electors  present  may  appoint  them  and  con- 
duct the  election.  Each  judge  and  inspector  of  election  shall 


Revised  School  Code  69 

be  paid  $2.00  for  his  services  by  the  district  in  which  he  serves, 
and  all  other  expenses  connected  with  the  conduct  of  any 
election  in  any  county  or  city  school-district  shall  be  paid  by 
the  county  or  city  school-district  concerned. 

Sec.  43.  Electors  and  ballots.  —  Every  qualified  elector, 
as  denned  in  the  general  election  laws,  shall  be  entitled  to 
vote,  and,  if  challenged,  may  swear  in  his  or  her  vote,  as  pro- 
vided for  under  the  general  election  laws  of  the  state.  Nomi- 
nations may  be  made  by  petition,  signed  by  five  per  cent  of 
the  qualified  electors  of  any  district  or  subdistrict,  filed  with 
the  secretary  of  the  county  or  city  board  of  education  con- 
cerned, and  not  later  than  the  Monday  preceding  the  time 
set  by  law  for  holding  the  election.  All  elections  shall  be  by 
ballot,  and  each  county  or  city  school-board  shall  furnish  the 
election  officials  of  each  election  precinct  with  ballots,  on 
which  shall  be  printed  the  office  to  which  officials  are  to  be 
elected,  with  the  names  of  all  persons  nominated  by  petition 
for  that  office  arranged  in  alphabetical  order  under  each  office, 
and  without  any  party  or  other  designation  whatever,  and 
with  blank  spaces  following  in  which  the  elector  may  write 
the  name  of  any  other  person  for  whom  he  may  wish  to  vote. 
Should  printed  ballots  not  be  supplied,  or  not  supplied  in 
sufficient  quantities,  a  written  ballot  may  be  used,  as  may  also 
printed  ballots  other  than  those  supplied  by  the  county  or 
city  board  of  education.  The  election  officers  must  publicly 
canvass  the  votes  immediately  after  the  closing  of  the  polls, 
and  must  sign  and  seal  the  poll  and  tally  lists  and  forward 
the  same,  together  with  the  ballots,  sealed  in  separate  enve- 
lopes, to  the  office  of  the  county  or  city  school-board  having 
jurisdiction,  which  body  shall  canvass  the  returns  and  an- 
nounce the  result,  and,  in  the  case  of  city  school-districts,  the 
results  must  be  transmitted  at  once  thereafter  to  the  office 
of  the  county  board  of  education. 

Sec.  44.     Intent  of  this  article.  —  The  intent  of  this  article 


70  Educational  Reorganization 

is  to  provide  a  simple  and  inexpensive  means  of  conducting 
school  elections,  at  a  time  separate  from  other  elections,  and 
of  eliminating  nomination  and  election  on  any  other  basis 
than  estimated  fitness  for  the  position.  To  this  end  the  gen- 
eral election  laws  relating  to  nomination,  form  of  ballot,  and 
manner  of  voting  shall  not  apply,  and  any  dispute  as  to  the 
conduct  or  result  of  the  election  shall  be  settled  by  the  county 
board  of  education,  and  in  such  manner  as  will,  in  its  judgment, 
best  carry  out  the  purpose  of  this  Code  and  the  intent  of  the 
voters,  and  its  decision  shall  be  final  ;  except,  that  in  matters 
relating  to  the  election  of  its  own  members,  or  where  there 
is  reason  for  believing  that  the  board  has  ignored  or  refused 
to  hear  or  consider  pertinent  facts  which  might  have  changed 
the  nature  of  the  decision,  in  which  cases  appeal  may  be  taken 
to  the  state  commissioner  of  education  for  review,  and  final 
decision.1 

ARTICLE  9.    POWERS  AND  DUTIES  OF  SCHOOL  BOARDS 

Sec.  45.  In  county  districts.  —  The  powers  and  duties 
of  the  boards  of  education  for  county  school-districts  shall 
be  as  prescribed  under  Chap.  II,  and  the  powers  and  duties 
of  subdistrict  school  directors  in  county  attendance-subdis- 
tricts  shall  be  as  follows  :  — 

(/)  In  second-class  attendance-subdistricts,  the  school  director 
shall  act  as  a  means  of  communication  between  the  people  of 
the  subdistrict  and  the  county  board  of  education  ;  shall 
look  after  the  school  property,  and,  as  directed,  shall  make  or 
oversee  the  making  of  repairs;  shall  assist  the  teacher,  as 
needed,  in  matters  of  attendance  and  discipline  ;  shall  re- 
port any  violation  of  the  laws  relating  to  education  ;  shall  see 


keep  down  the  cost,  the  schoolhouses  have  been  designated  as  the 
polling  places,  and  the  whole  character  of  the  election  made  as  informal  and 
inexpensive  as  possible.  Any  disputes  arising  out  of  the  election  are  also  to  be 
settled  in  the  same  inexpensive  and  expeditious  manner. 


Revised  School  Code  71 

that  the  school  is  properly  provided  with  fuel  and  teaching 
supplies ;  shall  arrange  for  and  oversee  the  cleaning  and  jani- 
tor service  of  the  school ;  and  shall  make  all  reports  required 
by  any  higher  educational  authority.1 

(2)  In  first-class  attendance- subdistricts,  the  board  of  school 
directors  shall  have  all  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  school 
director  of  second-class  attendance-subdistricts,  and,  in  addi- 
tion, shall  have  power  to  recommend  to  the  county  board 
desired  changes  in  and  additions  to  the  courses  of  instruc- 
tion for  the  subdistrict;  to  suggest  preferences  to  the 
county  superintendent  of  education  as  to  teachers,  principals, 
and  dates  for  opening  and  closing  the  school  terms;  to  pre- 
pare and  submit  an  annual  estimate  of  needed  repairs,  sup- 
plies, and  enlargements;  may  petition  the  county  board 
of  education  to  provide  additional  school  facilities,  of  any 
kind,  or  different  transportation  arrangements ;  and  may  vote 
to  instruct  the  secretary  of  the  county  board  of  education  to 
add  to  the  ballots,  for  the  June  school  election,  the  question 
of  levying  a  subdistrict  tax,  not  over  2\  mills  in  amount,  to 
provide  additional  specified  material  equipment  or  educational 
facilities  over  and  above  what  the  county  board  of  education 
can  provide,  and,  if  voted,  may  direct  its  expenditure.2 

Sec.  46.  City  school-districts  of  the  second  class.  —  Each 
city  board  of  education  in  a  city  school-district  of  the  second 
class  shall  have  the  following  powers  and  duties :  — 

1  This  is  a  great  reduction  in  powers  and  duties  for  such  directors,  but  the 
ones  left  are  all  there  is  any  educational  need  for  their  exercising.    The  selec- 
tion of  teachers  and  the  supervision  of  instruction  are  functions  the  director 
is  seldom  competent  to  exercise  intelligently,  and  which  this  act  now  provides 
shall  be  exercised  by  the  county  superintendent  and  his  assistants.     With  the 
reduced  duties,  there  is  no  need  for  more  than  one  director  to  a  subdistrict. 
Under  the  plan  for  county  educational  reorganization,  there  will  in  time  be  but 
few  second-class  subdistricts  left  in  any  county. 

2  These  will  be  the  consolidated  districts  and  the  small  town  schools,  and  the 
directors  here  are  given  somewhat  larger  powers.     For  such  schools  a  board  of 
three  was  felt  to  be  desirable. 


72  Educational  Reorganization 

(1)  To  employ  a  city  superintendent  of  education,   and 
fix  his  compensation,  though  all  city  school  superintendents, 
employed  after  July  i,  1917,  shall  hold  some  form  of  super- 
visory certificate,  as  provided  for  by  Chap.  XIII  of  this  Code, 
or  credentials  for  the  same;   and  all  city  superintendents  of 
education  shall  be  employed  for  four-year  terms,1  unless  dis- 
missed earlier  by  a  four-fifths  vote  of  the  board  for  immoral- 
ity, incompetency,  insubordination,  or  willful  neglect  of  the 
duties  of  his  office.2    City  superintendents  of  education  shall 
have  the  right  to  attend  all  meetings  of  the  board  of  educa- 
tion, or  committees  thereof,  except  when  their  own  salary, 
tenure,  or  administration  are  under  discussion,  and  to  speak 
on  any  question,  but  with  no  right  to  vote.3 

(2)  To  adopt,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  city  superin- 
tendent of  education,4  the  courses  of  instruction  for  all  schools 
under  its  supervision  and  control,  and  in  conformity  with 
the  regulations  of  Chap.  IV  of  this  Code ;   and  to  adopt  and 
supply,  free  of  charge,  all  text-books,  supplemental  books,  and 
school  supplies  used  in  the  schools.5    The  text-books  adopted 
need  not  be  uniform6  for  all  schools  of  the  city,  but  all  books 

1  This  is  felt  to  be  an  improvement  on  the  one-year  term  which  has  been  the 
common  custom  in  the  past,  and  will  give  superintendents  more  independence 
and  lead  to  better  administrative  conditions. 

2  As  so  much  depends  on  the  city  superintendents  under  this  new  Code,  the 
right  of  dismissal  is  an  almost  necessary  safeguard. 

3  This  is  also  a  safeguard  in  the  interests  of  efficient  administration,  and 
guarantees  to  a  superintendent  a  right  which  some  school  boards  would  like  to 
suppress. 

4  The  responsibility  for  recommending  courses  of  instruction  in  the  cities,  as 
in  the  counties,  is  placed  with  the  superintendent. 

6  Text-books  should  be  adopted  to  fit  courses  and  needs,  and  the  recommenda- 
tion for  such  should  come  from  the  superintendent.  In  giving  all  cities  power 
to  adopt  courses  of  study  and  select  their  text-books,  the  commission  unani- 
mously took  the  stand  that  the  unit  for  supervision,  be  it  county  or  city,  should 
be  the  unit  for  the  selection  of  text-books  and  the  outlining  of  courses  of  study. 

8  The  only  argument  for  uniformity  has  been  the  cost  of  new  books  when 
pupils  are  transferred,  but  when  books  are  provided  free  to  all,  this  reason  van- 


Revised  School  Code  73 

and  supplies  furnished  must  be  as  recommended  by  the  city 
superintendent  of  education. 

(3)  To  employ  such  principals,  teachers,  special  teachers, 
supervisors,   and  assistant  superintendents  for  the  schools 
of  the  city  as  may  be  deemed  necessary ;  to  fix  their  compensa- 
tion, and  order  paid  their  salaries,  if  possessed  of  the  legal  cer- 
tificates required  by  Chap.  XIII  of  this  Code ;  and  to  relieve 
such  from  employment,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions 
of  the  law  relating  to  the  tenure  of  teachers,  as  provided  in 
Chap.  XIV  of  this  Code. 

(4)  To  employ  janitors  and  other  employees,  and  to  have 
control  and  title  to  all  school  property  of  the  city  school- 
district,  with  power  to  care  for,  insure,  repair,  lease,  or  rent 
the  same;   and  with  power  to  acquire  sites  and  build  build- 
ings, as  provided  for  in  Chap.  IX  of  this  Code. 

(5)  To  provide  for  the  taking  of  a  continuing  school  census, 
in  such  manner  as  the  county  superintendent  of  education 
may  direct,  and  as  provided  for  by  Chap.  XVI,  and  to  have 
the  results  submitted  to  him  for  his  approval. 

(6)  To  provide  and  maintain  a  complete  system  of  elemen- 
tary and  secondary  schools. 

(7)  To  provide  and  maintain,  as  means  will  permit  or  ne- 
cessities may  require,  or  as  may  be  required  by  this  Code 
or  by  general  law,  —  kindergartens ;    intermediate   schools ; 
libraries  and  museums;     instruction  for  parents;     evening 
schools;    post-graduate  secondary-school  instruction;    vaca- 
tion schools ;    playgrounds ;  special  instruction  or  schools  for 
delinquent,  dependent,  or  defective  children;    or  for  such 
forms  of  instruction  in  industrial  education,  agriculture,  or 
household  economics  as  they  may  deem  desirable.     County 
and  city  boards  of  education  may  also  unite  for  the  joint  estab- 

ishes,  while  the  educational  needs  of  the  schools  in  different  parts  of  our  large 
cities  and  in  different  parts  of  a  county  school-district  alike  dictate  a  variation 
from  uniform  texts. 


74  Educational  Reorganization 

lishment  and  maintenance  of  any  such  instruction  or  school, 
and  upon  such  terms  as  may  be  agreed  upon  between 
them.1 

(8)  To  prepare  an  annual  budget  of  expenses  each  year, 
and,  after  estimating  the  amount  to  be  received  from  state 
and  county  school  funds,  to  certify  to  the  county  board  of 
education,  for  transmission  to  and  levy  by  the  county  board 
of  supervisors,  such  additional  sums  as  may  be  necessary  to 
maintain  at  least  nine  months  of  elementary  and  secondary 
instruction  in  the  district,  and  also  to  maintain  such  other 
types  of  schools  and  educational  undertakings  as  may  have 
been  established  within  the  district ; 2  provided,  that  this  can 
be  done  within  the  tax  limits  provided  for  city  school-districts 
by  the  provisions  of  Chap.  VII  of  this  Code. 

(9)  In  the  name  of  the  board  of  education  for  the  (name  of 
city)  city  school-district,  to  possess  corporate  powers ;   to  sue 
and  to  be  sued ;  to  acquire,  hold,  lease,  and  sell  real  and  per- 
sonal property;   to  receive  bequests  and  donations;    to  con- 
demn property  needed  for  educational  purposes;    and   to 
perform  other  corporate  acts. 

(10)  To  adopt  rules  and  regulations,  not  inconsistent  with 
law,  or  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  state  board  of  edu- 
cation made  in  conformity  with  law,  for  the  government  of 
the  schools  and  the  school  business  of  the  district. 

(i  i)  To  keep  financial  and  statistical  records,  and  to  make 
an  annual  statistical  and  financial  report  to  the  county  super- 
intendent of  education,  not  later  than  the  first  day  of  July, 

1  This  gives  each  city  power  to  provide  almost  any  type  of  school  it  deems 
to  be  desirable,  or  to  unite  with  the  county  educational  authorities  in  the  joint 
maintenance  of  such. 

2  This  gives  to  all  city  school  corporations  the  right  to  determine  their  own 
needs,  without  the  interference  from  the  city  councils  which  have  characterized 
city  school  administration  in  the  past.    The  check  on  their  actions  is  the  limit 
as  fixed  by  law,  which  cannot  be  exceeded.     Within  these  limits  the  school 
board  is  free  to  act. 


Revised  School  Code  75 

and  according  to  forms  prescribed  by  the  state  commissioner 
of  education,  under  pain  of  forfeiting  any  share  in  the  income 
from  the  state  school-fund  and  the  state  school-tax  for  failure 
properly  so  to  do. 

(12)  To   supply   such   other  information  relating   to   the 
work  or  conduct  of  the  schools  under  their  charge  as  may 
be   requested   by   county,    state,    or   national    educational 
authority. 

(13)  In  cities  where  the  control  of  the  free  library  has  been 
transferred  to  the  board  of  education  for  the  school-district, 
to  appoint  a  librarian  for  the  same,  who  shall  be  appointed, 
hold  office,  and  have  the  powers  and  duties  as  provided  for 
county  librarians  by  Chap.  V  of  this  Code,  in  so  far  as  these 
may  apply  to  city  school-district  libraries. 

(14)  To  cause  to  be  prepared  and  printed,  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  meet  the  reasonable  demands  for  such,  an  annual 
report,  addressed  to  the  people  of  the  city,  and  covering  the 
condition,  progress,  and  needs  of  the  schools;   recent  results 
accomplished;    the  work  of  special  schools  maintained;    the 
needs  of  the  schools  of  the  city  school-district ;  and  condensed 
statistical  and  financial  statements,  with  such  interpretations 
of  the  same  as  may  seem  desirable.     When  printed,  in  addi- 
tion to  such  general  distribution  as  may  seem  wise,  one  copy 
of  this  report  must  be  sent  to  each  library  of  whatever  kind 
and   to   each   newspaper   in  the  county;  one  copy  sent  to 
each  city  board  of  education  in  the  state;  five  copies  sent 
to  the  office  of  the  county  board  of  education  for  the  county ; 
twenty-five   copies   sent   to   the   state   department   of  edu- 
cation ;  and  three  copies  to  the  United  States  commissioner 
of  education. 

(15)  To  have  such  other  powers  and  functions  as  may  be 
in  the  future  assigned  to  them  by  act  of  the  general  assembly, 
or  by  rule  or  regulation  of  the  state  or  county  board  of  edu- 
cation, made  in  conformity  with  law. 


76  Educational  Reorganization 

ARTICLE  10.    EDUCATIONAL  ORGANIZATION  IN  CITIES  OF 
THE  FIRST  CLASS 

Sec.  47.  Organization  and  committees. — Boards  of  educa- 
tion in  city  school-districts  of  the  first  class  shall  consist  of  five 
members,  elected  or  appointed  as  provided  for  by  Sec.  37 
of  this  Code.  Each  such  board  shall  reorganize  each  year, 
at  the  first  regular  meeting  after  the  first  day  of  July,  by 
electing  one  of  its  own  members  as  president  of  the  board, 
who  shall  exercise  the  usual  functions  of  such  an  officer. 
There  shall  be  no  regular  standing  committees,  it  being  the 
intention  of  this  article  that  boards  of  education  in  city 
school-districts  of  the  first  class  shall  act  largely  on  the  ad- 
vice of  their  executive  officers,  and  shall  consider  educational 
matters  as  a  committee  of  the  whole.  Temporary  special 
committees,  to  consider  and  report  on  such  matters  of  policy, 
finance,  and  procedure  as  may  be  referred  to  them,  may  be 
appointed  from  time  to  time  by  the  president  of  the  board. 

Sec.  48.  Executive  officers.  —  Each  board  of  education 
in  city  school-districts  of  the  first  class  shall  elect  the  follow- 
ing executive  officers,  and,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this 
article,  shall  determine  their  tenure,  fix  their  compensation, 
and  assign  them  their  duties :  — 

1.  A  superintendent  of  education; 

2.  A  business  manager ; 

3.  A  superintendent  of  properties; 

4.  A  superintendent  of  school  attendance. 

City  boards  of  education  in  city  school-districts  of  the  first 
class  shall  have  power  to  create,  from  time  to  time,  such  other 
executive  departments  and  such  sub-departments  as  the  needs 
of  the  schools  may  seem  to  require. 

Sec.  49.  Powers  and  duties.  —  It  shall  be  the  duty  of 
boards  of  education  in  all  city  school-districts  of  the  first 
class  to  determine  all  large  questions  of  policy ;  to  adopt  the 


Revised  School  Code  77 

annual  budget  of  expenditures  for  the  schools;  to  fix  the 
salary  of  all  employees;  to  approve  all  expenses  incurred; 
to  purchase  new  school  sites,  and  to  order  new  buildings 
erected,  as  the  needs  of  the  schools  and  other  educational 
institutions  under  their  control  may  necessitate;  to  decide 
upon  all  enlargements  of  sites  or  buildings;  and  to  approve 
all  contracts  entered  into.  It  shall,  on  the  other  hand,  be 
the  duty  of  the  chief  executive  officers  of  the  board  to  execute, 
under  direction,  the  policies  decided  upon,  and  to  carry  out 
the  improvements,  changes,  and  additions  ordered  made.  It 
shall  be  primarily  the  work  of  the  boards  of  education  to  legis- 
late, decide,  and  direct;  the  work  of  the  executive  officers 
shall  be  to  carry  into  execution  the  policies  decided  upon  by 
the  boards  of  education.1 

Sec.  50.  The  superintendent  of  education.  —  City  superin- 
tendents of  education  in  city  school-districts  of  the  first  class 
shall  be  elected  and  shall  hold  office  as  provided  for  in  Sec.  46, 
subdivision  i,  of  this  Code.  Each  such  superintendent  shall 
act  as  the  chief  executive  officer  of  the  board  of  education 
for  the  school  district  electing  him,  and  shall  have  general 
coordinating  authority  and  oversight  over  the  work  of  all 
executive  officers  and  other  employees  of  the  school-district. 
He  shall  have  full  responsibility  for  the  courses  of  instruction, 
the  selection  of  text  and  supplemental  books,  and  the  selection, 
promotion,  assignment,  transfer,  or  dismissal  of  assistant  sup- 
erintendents, special  supervisors,  principals,  and  teachers,  the 
board  of  education  acting  on  all  such  matters  only  on  his 
recommendation.  In  case  of -a  conflict  in  authority  between 
the  superintendent  of  education  and  any  other  executive 
officer,  the  superintendent  of  education  shall  decide,  unless 
the  board  of  education  shall  otherwise  order,  in  each  case.2 

1  This  makes  a  clear-cut  division  of  powers  and  duties,  which  it  is  believed 
will  be  in  the  interests  of  efficient  school  administration  in  our  cities. 

1  This  definitely  makes  the  superintendent  of  education  the  head  of  the  school 
system  for  the  city. 


78  Educational  Reorganization 

Sec.  51.  The  business  manager. — A  business  manager 
shall  be  elected  by  the  board  of  education  for  each  city  school- 
district  of  the  first  class,  and  they  shall  determine  his  tenure 
and  compensation.  He  shall  have  charge  of  all  business 
affairs  of  the  school-district,  subject  to  the  supervision  of  the 
board  of  education;  shall  make  all  purchases,  approve  all 
bills,  and,  when  ordered  paid  by  the  board,  draw  vouchers 
for  their  payment ;  shall  pay  all  employees  for  services  per- 
formed ;  and  shall  act  as  secretary  of  the  board  of  education. 
He  shall  recommend  all  employees  in  his  department  for 
employment  or  dismissal,  and  may  suspend  any  such  employee, 
for  cause.  He  shall  also  be  responsible  for  the  successful 
conduct  of  the  business  affairs  of  the  school-district;  shall 
give  bonds,  in  such  reasonable  sums  as  the  board  of  educa- 
tion may  determine,  for  the  faithful  performance  of  his  duties ; 
and  the  books  of  his  office  shall  be  audited  each  year,  on  order 
of  the  board  of  education.1 

Sec.  52.  The  superintendent  of  properties.  —  A  superin- 
tendent of  properties  shall  be  elected  by  the  board  of  educa- 
tion for  each  school-district  of  the  first  class,  and  they  shall 
determine  his  tenure  and  compensation.  He  shall  have 
general  charge  of  the  erection,  care,  and  repair  of  all  school 
property,  subject  to  the  general  direction  of  the  board  of  edu- 
cation; the  school  janitors,  and  any  janitors  employed  in 
libraries  or  other  educational  institutions  under  the  control 
of  the  board  of  education,  shall  be  under  his  direction  and 
instruction;  and  he  shall  recommend  all  employees  in  his 
department  for  appointment  or  dismissal,  and  may  suspend 
any  employee,  for  cause. 

1  This  relieves  the  superintendent  of  education  from  the  necessity  of  handling 
all  or  most  of  the  business  affairs  of  the  school-district,  as  the  next  section  relieves 
him  of  the  necessity  of  supervising  the  construction  or  repair  of  school  buildings. 
It  was  the  desire  to  centralize  his  work  on  the  educational  aspects  of  the  posi- 
tion, and  relieve  him  of  all  except  coordinating  oversight  and  control  of  the 
business  affairs  of  the  school-district. 


Revised  School  Code  79 

Sec.  53.    The    superintendent    of    school    attendance.  — 

A  superintendent  of  school  attendance  shall  be  elected 
by  the  board  of  education  for  each  school-district  of  the 
first  class,  and  they  shall  fix  his  tenure  and  compensation. 
He  shall  have  charge  of  the  enforcement  of  the  compulsory 
attendance  law  within  the  school-district,  and  those  parts 
of  the  child-labor  and  poor-relief  laws  which  relate  to 
school  attendance  and  for  which  school-attendance  officers 
are  responsible,  under  the  provisions  of  this  Code;  the 
general  out-of-school  supervision  of  incorrigible  and  delin- 
quent children;  and  the  taking  of  the  school  census  within 
the  district,  and  the  care  of  the  school-census  records  for 
the  same. 

Sec.  54.  General  powers  and  duties.  —  Boards  of  educa- 
tion for  each  city  school-district  of  the  first  class  shall  have 
all  of  the  powers  and  duties,  in  addition  to  those  enumerated 
in  this  article,  prescribed  by  Sec.  46  of  this  Code  for  boards 
of  education  for  city  school-districts  of  the  second  class,  and, 
in  addition,  the  following :  — 

(1)  May  employ  a  regular  school-architect,  who  shall  at- 
tend to  the  designing  of  school  buildings  for  the  city  school- 
district.     The    school-architect    and    the    superintendent    of 
education  shall  then  approve  all  plans  for  the  construction 
or  repair  of  school  property  within  the  school  district,  and 
the  further  approval  by  the  state  department  of  education 
shall  not  be  required. 

(2)  May   establish   and   maintain   a   city-district   normal 
school,  for  the  training  of  teachers  for  the  elementary  schools 
of  the  school  district,  —  provided,  that  the  requirements  for 
admission  to  and  graduation  from  such  school  shall  not  be 
less  than  for  the  normal  schools  maintained  by  the  state; 
that  the  course  or  courses  of  instruction  shall  have  been  ap- 
proved by  the  state  board  of  education,  as  equivalent  in  quality 
to  those  of  the  state  normal  schools ;    and  that  the  school 


8o  Educational  Reorganization 

shall  be  open  to  inspection  and  approval  by  the  state  depart- 
ment of  education.1 

(3)  Must  maintain  a  series  of  after-school  and  vacation 
playgrounds,  under  competent  direction,  sufficient  to  meet 
the  needs  of  the  children  of  the  city,  and  in  doing  so  may 
cooperate  with  other  branches  or  commissions  of  the  city 
government. 

(4)  In  addition  to  the  types  of  schools  and  educational 
institutions  permitted  for  city  school-districts  of  the  second 
class,  may  also  provide  any  other  form  of  school  or  educational 
institution  which  the  peculiar  needs  of  the  city  school-dis- 
trict may  seem  to  them  to  require,  provided  the  same  can  be 
done  within  the  limits  of  taxation  fixed  by  Chap.  VII  of  this 
Code. 

Sec.  55.  Combined  city  and  county  government.  —  In 
case  the  city  and  the  county  governments  in  any  county  in 
this  state  should  be  consolidated  into  one  combined  city  and 
county  government,  the  city  form  of  school  organization  shall 
prevail,  following  the  form  of  organization  prescribed  for  cities 
of  the  first  class,  and  the  board  of  education  and  the  superin- 
tendent of  education  for  such  consolidated  city  and  county 
shall  assume  all  of  the  duties  of  the  county  board  of  education 
and  county  superintendent  of  education,  so  far  as  the  same 
may  apply  to  the  new  form  of  organization,  and  shall  report 
directly  to  the  state  department  of  education  and  the  state 
commissioner  of  education.  The  city  school  corporation  for 
such  consolidated  city  and  county  government  shall  remain 
distinct  from  the  city  and  county  civil  government,  as  pro- 
vided for  by  Sec.  3  of  Art.  IX  of  the  constitution  of  Osceola. 

1  This  was  felt  to  be  a  wise  safeguard  against  poor  and  cheap  training-classes, 
giving  a  preparation  for  teaching  inferior  to  that  given  by  the  state  normal 
schools,  and  serving  as  inbreeding  institutions  for  the  weakening  of  education 
in  the  city.  Only  a  large  city  needs  such  a  school,  and  it  may  maintain  such 
only  if  it  does  not  cheapen  the  standards  set  by  the  state. 


TITLE  n.    THE  SYSTEM   OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 

CHAPTER    IV.    ELEMENTARY    AND    SECONDARY 
INSTRUCTION 

ARTICLE  u.    GENERAL  DEFINITIONS 

Sec.  56.  Extent.  —  The  public  school  system  of  the  state  of 
Osceola  is  to  be  considered  as  one  continuous  school  system, 
extending  from  the  kindergarten  to  and  through  the  state 
university,  and  the  necessity  for  a  close  articulation  of  the 
different  grades  and  divisions  is  to  be  kept  prominent  in  the 
administration  of  the  different  parts  of  the  state  school  system.1 

Sec.  57.  Classification  of  schools.  —  For  purposes  of  classi- 
fication and  the  apportionment  of  funds,2  the  following  classi- 
fication of  elementary  and  secondary  schools  shall  be  made :  — 

(i)  The  elementary-school  system  shall  be  considered  as 
embracing  the  eight  years  of  instruction,  in  the  subjects  re- 
quired to  be  taught  by  state  or  district  authorities,  in  grades 
one  to  eight  inclusive,  in  the  public-school  course.  Second- 
class  attendance-subdistricts  may  offer  a  nine  years'  course  of 
instruction,  but  for  purposes  of  apportionment  such  shall  be 
considered  as  a  part  of  the  elementary-school  course.3  All 

1  The  elementary  and  secondary  parts  of  the  state  school  system,  as  well  as 
industrial  education,  are  set  off  and  treated  separately  from  the  other  parts  of 
the  state  school  system  because  such  are  under  the  control  of  district  authorities, 
while  the  higher  educational  institutions  of  the  state  are  under  separate  boards 
of  control. 

2  See  Chap.  VIII.     Conceiving  the  school  system  as  a  unit,  a  large  series  of 
subsidies  is  here  provided  for  desirable  educational  undertakings. 

*  Secondary-school  subjects  may  be,  in  part  offered,  but  such  one- teacher 
schools  are  hardly  fit  to  offer  any  real  secondary-school  instruction,  and  all 
pupils  enrolled  in  such  work  are  classified,  for  state  money-grants,  as  elementary- 
school  pupils. 

c  81 


82  Educational  Reorganization 

kindergarten  instruction  preceding  the  regular  elementary 
course  of  instruction  shall  also  be  regarded  as  a  part  of  the 
elementary  course  of  instruction.1 

(2)  The  secondary-school  system  shall  be  considered  as 
embracing  the  four  years  of  instruction  from  the  ninth  to  the 
twelfth  year  inclusive  of  the  public-school  course.  In  all 
city  school-districts  the  secondary-school  facilities  provided 
must  include  the  twelfth  year  of  instruction,  and  may  be 
extended  to  include  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  years.2 

Sec.  58.  Intermediate  schools.  —  Intermediate  schools,  be- 
ginning with  the  seventh  year  of  elementary-school  instruction, 
and  including  the  eighth  and  ninth  years,  with  the  tenth  year 
optional,  may  be  organized  by  the  board  of  education  for  any 
city  school-district,  or  by  the  county  board  of  education  for 
any  first-class  subdistrict.3 

Sec.  59.  Basis  for  classifications.  —  The  state  board  of 
education,  acting  on  the  recommendation  of  the  state  com- 
missioner of  education,  shall  adopt  and  publish  rules  and 
regulations  for  making  the  classifications  of  Sees.  57  and  58, 
and  the  conditions  upon  which  state  money-grants  may  be 
made  4  for  any  kind  of  a  school,  teacher,  or  other  form  of  aid. 

1  This  includes  the  kindergarten  as  a  part  of  the  elementary  school.     Hereto- 
fore it  has  had  no  standing,  being  permitted  as  an  extra  only  to  cities  paying 
for  such  instruction  wholly  themselves.     Country  and  village  consolidated 
schools  may  now  add  such  instruction,  if  desired,  and  have  it  included  in  the 
state  apportionment. 

2  Instruction  has  heretofore  been  limited  to  the  twelfth  year.     This  enables 
the  larger  cities  to  provide  junior  college  instruction  for  their  children,  if  they 
desire  to  do  so. 

8  These  have  been  organized  by  some  of  our  cities  heretofore,  by  grouping 
such  grades  in  separate  buildings.  Generally  but  three  grades  have  been 
included,  —  the  seventh,  eighth,  and  ninth.  In  cities  developing  post-gradu- 
ate secondary-school  courses  (thirteenth  and  fourteenth  years),  it  will  probably 
be  advisable  to  include  the  tenth  year  in  the  intermediate  school.  In  the  new 
apportionment  plan  (Chap.  VIII)  a  premium  is  now  placed  on  the  establish- 
ment and  maintenance  of  intermediate  schools. 

4  This  is  for  the  purposes  of  apportioning  funds.    See  Chap.  VUL 


Revised  School  Code  83 

Sec.  60.  Kindergartens.  —  Any  school-district,  county  or 
city,  may  precede  the  elementary-school  instruction,  in  con- 
nection with  any  or  all  of  its  elementary  schools,  by  kinder- 
garten instruction,  in  any  amount  from  one-half  year  up  to  two 
full  school  years,  as  may  be  deemed  best ;  and  such  kinder- 
garten instruction,  when  provided,  shall  be  considered  as  a 
part  of  the  elementary-school  course  of  instruction,  and  in 
addition  to  the  regular  eight  years  of  elementary  instruction. 
A  kindergarten  teacher's  certificate  shall  be  required  for  in- 
struction in  any  kindergarten  class. 

Sec.  61.  Schools  for  special  classes.  —  Any  county  or  city 
school-district,  when  the  need  for  the  same  shall  arise,  may 
establish  separate  schools  for  the  oral  instruction  of  dear 
children,  or  for  those  who,  from  deafness,  are  unable  to  hear 
common  conversation ;  for  the  instruction  of  the  blind ;  for 
the  instruction  of  superior,  backward,  or  dull  children;  for 
the  instruction  of  "  border-line  "  and  feeble-minded  children ; 
and  for  the  instruction  of  truants,  incorrigibles,  and  misfits.1 
County  boards  of  education  may  unite  with  city  boards  of 
education  in  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  such 
schools,  or  county  boards  of  education  may  contract  with 
city  boards  of  education  for  the  education  of  such  special- 
type  children  in  the  schools  maintained  by  a  city  school- 
district.2  The  course  of  instruction  in  all  such  special  schools 
may  depart  from  the  regular  course  of  instruction  in  any  way 
that  will  better  adapt  the  instruction  to  the  peculiar  needs  of 
the  pupils  in  such  schools.3 

Sec.  62.     Special  schools  for  negroes. — Any  county  or 

1  Many  new  types  of  schools  are  here  permitted  which  the  old  Code  did  not 
authorize.  It  was  desired  to  give  districts  permission,  so  that  they  would  be 
free  to  act  whenever  their  needs  and  means  made  action  desirable. 

1  This  permits  a  county  school-district  to  contract  with  a  city  school-district 
for  the  education  of  its  abnormal  children,  —  a  thing  not  heretofore  possible. 

1  This  does  away  with  the  old  state  requirement  as  to  uniform  courses  of 
study  for  all  schools. 


84  Educational  Reorganization 

city  school-district  may  also  establish  separate  schools  for 
children  of  the  negro  race,  when  there  are  enough  of  such  to 
make  such  separate  instruction  advantageous,  though  when 
such  separate  schools  are  established,  the  negro  children  shall 
be  given  equal  advantages  in  term  and  course  of  instruction 
with  children  of  the  white  race  in  the  same  city  school-district 
or  county  subdistrict,  though  the  course  of  instruction  need 
not  be  the  same  for  the  two  races.  A  special  secondary 
school  for  the  instruction  of  children  of  the  negro  race  may  be 
established  by  any  county  or  city  school-district  authority, 
acting  separately  or  in  cooperation,  when  there  are  enough 
secondary-school  pupils  of  such  race  to  make  such  instruction 
possible  and  desirable ;  or  either  district  may  contract  with  the 
other  to  provide  secondary-school  facilities  for  any  or  all  of  its 
negro  children. 

ARTICLE  12.    ATTENDANCE  AND  TERM 

Sec.  63.  Age  limits.  —  The  public  schools  of  the  state 
shall  be  open  for  the  instruction  of  all  children  between  six 
and  twenty-one  years  of  age,  though  any  or  all  children  two 
or  more  years  overage  for  any  grade  may  be  classified  in  sepa- 
rate schools,  if  deemed  best  by  the  school  board  for  the  dis- 
trict.1 Special  schools  for  the  oral  instruction  of  the  deaf 
shall  be  open  for  the  instruction  of  such  who  are  three  years 
of  age  or  over,  and  kindergartens  shall  be  open  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  all  such  children,  below  six  years  of  age,  as  may  be 
ordered  by  the  school  authorities  for  the  district.  Any  public 
school  may  be  open  for  the  instruction  of  those  over  twenty- 
one  years  of  age,  by  permission  or  general  regulation  of  the 
governing  school  board  for  such  school.2 

1  This  has  been  attempted  by  some  cities,  but  there  has  always  been  a  ques- 
tion as  to  their  legal  right  to  do  so.    This  section  permits  any  school-district 
to  do  that  which  it  deems  best  for  its  pupils. 

2  The  old  Code  did  not  permit  this.     This  opens  the  way  for  any  kind  of 
adult  education. 


Revised  School  Code  85 

Sec.  64.  Exclusion  from  school.  —  The  governing  board 
for  any  school-district  shall  have  power  to  exclude  children 
of  filthy  or  vicious  habits,  or  children  suffering  from  contagious 
or  infectious  diseases ;  and,  when  separate  schools  or  classes 
for  the  instruction  of  any  of  the  classes  of  children  enumerated 
above  in  Sec.  61  and  Sec.  62  have  been  established  in  any 
district  or  attendance-subdistrict,  the  governing  boards  may 
require  the  attendance  of  such  at  such  special  schools. 

Sec.  65.  Time  and  term.  —  The  dates  for  opening  and 
closing  the  school  terms  shall  be  fixed  by  the  board  of  edu- 
cation for  each  county  for  all  county  school-subdistricts,  and 
by  the  board  of  education  for  each  city  school-district,  but 
not  less  than  eight  months  of  instruction  shall  be  provided  in 
day  schools  in  each  second-class  attendance-subdistrict  or 
county  school  of  agriculture,  and  not  less  than  nine  months 
of  instruction  in  the  day  schools  in  any  first-class  attendance- 
subdistrict  or  city  school-district  in  the  state.1  Summer 
vacation-schools  must  be  maintained  at  least  six  weeks,  and 
evening  schools  at  least  seventy-five  evenings,  to  qualify  for 
state  grants.  County  boards  of  education  may  fix  different 
dates  for  the  opening  and  closing  of  terms  for  different  at- 
tendance-subdistricts  in  the  same  county,  if  such  will  better 
accommodate  the  children  of  such  attendance-subdistricts. 
City  school-districts  may  maintain  vacation  schools  and  vaca- 
tion playgrounds,  as  needed,  and  of  such  types  as  will  best 
meet  their  needs,  and  may  maintain  any  or  all  of  their  schools 
during  the  entire  year.2 

Sec.  66.     School  holidays.  —  The  following  are  designated 

1  The  old  law  said  six  months  for  all,  though  all  but  a  few  cities  provided 
nine  months.  Under  the  new  apportionment  laws  and  county-unit  organiza- 
tion an  eight-months'  school  ought  to  be  possible  everywhere.  As  soon  as  the 
county  reorganization,  provided  for  by  Art.  6,  has  been  carried  out,  a  nine- 
months'  school  will  be  possible  almost  everywhere,  without  much  need  for  the 
special  state  aid  for  poor  districts,  provided  for  in  Chap.  VIII. 

1 A  new  and  a  desirable  provision. 


86  Educational  Reorganization 

as  school  holidays,  and  on  these  days,  should  the  schools 
be  in  session  at  the  time,  schools  shall  be  closed;  viz. 
every  Sunday;  the  day  designated  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States  as  Thanksgiving  Day,  and  the  Friday  and 
Saturday  following;  the  25th  day  of  December;  the  ist  day 
of  January ;  the  3oth  day  of  May ;  and  the  4th  day  of  July. 
Should  any  of  the  four  days  last  named  fall  upon  a  Sunday, 
and  the  Monday  following  be  generally  observed  as  the  holi- 
day, the  schools  shall  be  closed  on  such  Monday  also.  On 
all  other  days  celebrated  as  legal  holidays  the  schools  shall 
remain  in  session,  if  such  days  come  during  term  time.1 

Sec.  67.  Definition  of  months  and  years.  —  The  terms 
school  month  and  school  year,  as  used  in  this  chapter  and  else- 
where in  this  Code,  shall  be  understood  to  mean  twenty  full 
days  for  a  school  month,  unless  otherwise  ordered  as  provided 
below ;  school  year  shall  be  understood  to  mean  the  full  school 
year  as  taught,  but  in  no  case  less  than  eight  months.  Legal 
holidays  not  taught  are  to  be  counted  as  days  taught,  if  they 
come  on  regular  school  days,  during  the  school  term.  Any 
city  or  county  school-district  may  also  provide  for  instruction 
for  any  or  all  of  its  schools  on  Saturdays,  and  for  part  or  all 
of  the  day,  in  which  case  Saturday  shall  be  added  to  the  num- 
ber of  days  constituting  a  school  week,  thus  making  a  school 
month  of  twenty-four  days  for  such  districts. 

ARTICLE  13.    INSTRUCTION 

Sec.  68.  Elementary-school  instruction.  —  The  course  or 
courses  of  instruction  for  each  city  school-district  shall  be 
adopted  by  the  board  of  education  for  the  district,  on  the 
recommendation  of  the  city  superintendent  of  education; 

1  This  eliminates  many  of  the  unnecessary  school  holidays  which  have 
gradually  been  added  to  the  laws.  The  enumeration  of  Saturday  as  a  holiday 
is  also  eliminated,  so  that  schools  may  be  held  then,  if  desired,  as  our  larger 
cities  probably  will  soon  desire  to  do. 


Revised  School  Code  87 

and  for  each  county  school-district  or  subdistrict  by  the  county 
board  of  education,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  county 
superintendent  of  education,  though  different  courses  may  be 
adopted  for  different  schools  within  the  city  or  county  school- 
district,  and  changes  in  courses  may  be  permitted  to  meet 
local  needs.1  The  course  or  courses  of  instruction  for  ele- 
mentary schools  shall  include  reading,  writing,  spelling,  arith- 
metic, the  use  of  the  English  language,  American  and  English 
literature,  geography,  history  of  the  United  States,  nature 
study,  music,  drawing,  physical  training  and  personal  hygiene, 
and  such  other  studies  as  may  be  included  by  city  or  county 
authority.  In  rural  schools,  single  or  consolidated,  and  in 
village  schools,  the  nature  study  shall  be  closely  related  to 
agriculture ;  and  instruction  in  manual  training  and  domestic 
science  shall  be  included  in  the  instruction  in  all  schools  where 
facilities  for  such  instruction  can  be  provided,  and  must  be 
included  in  all  elementary  schools  employing  four  or  more  ele- 
mentary-school teachers.2 

Sec.  69.  Intermediate-school  instruction.  —  Where  inter- 
mediate schools  have  been  provided,  taught  by  teachers  hold- 
ing intermediate-school  or  secondary-school  certificates,3 
and  according  to  departmental  methods  of  instruction,  dif- 
ferent and  parallel  courses  of  instruction  may  be  outlined  for 
the  intermediate-school  grades.  The  subjects  to  be  taught 
in  such  schools  shall  include  such  of  the  subjects  of  instruction 
required  for  elementary  schools  as  belong  to  the  upper  ele- 
mentary grades,  may  include  instruction  in  other  languages 
than  the  English,  and  in  such  subjects  of  secondary-school 

1  The  unit  of  supervision  is  here  made  the  unit  for  the  adoption  of  courses 
of  study,  as  it  is  also  made  the  unit  for  the  adoption  of  text-books  further  on  in 
this  Code.  The  adoption,  too,  is  made  on  the  recommendation  of  the  educa- 
tional authorities,  and  different  courses  for  different  schools  are  now  permis- 
sible. 

1  These  are  new  requirements  in  this  state. 

*  As  required  by  Title  V  of  this  Code. 


88  Educational  Reorganization 

grade,  or  of  an  industrial  or  vocational  nature,  as  may  be 
included  in  the  course  of  instruction  as  adopted,  in  the  manner 
prescribed  in  Sec.  68,  by  the  proper  district  authorities.1 

Sec.  70.  Secondary-school  instruction.  —  Secondary 
schools,  established  by  county  or  city  school-district  authori- 
ties, may  offer  such  instruction  as  is  deemed  desirable  or 
needed,  and  may  be  of  different  types,  if  the  educational 
needs  of  the  district  make  such  differentiation  desirable. 
The  courses  of  instruction  for  each  school  shall  be  approved 
by  the  governing  board  for  such  school,  as  provided  for  in 
Sec.  68,  though  the  principal  of  any  secondary  school  or  the 
board  of  subdistrict  directors  having  any  secondary  schools 
under  their  charge  may  request  changes  or  additions.  In  all 
city  school-districts  employing  fifty  or  more  teachers,  counted 
as  provided  for  in  Art.  7,  Sec.  34,  of  this  Code,  courses  of  in- 
struction in  manual  training  and  household  economics  must 
be  included;  and  in  all  full  four-year  secondary  schools,  lo- 
cated in  village  or  rural  districts,  courses  in  household  eco- 
nomics, manual  training,  and  agriculture  must  be  provided.2 

Sec.  71.  Language  of  instruction.  —  All  elementary,  in- 
termediate, and  secondary  schools  must  be  taught  in  the 
English  language,  except  that  other  languages  than  the  Eng- 
list  may  be  taught  as  part  of  the  course  of  instruction,  and,  in 
city  school-districts,  one  or  more  elementary  schools  may  be 
taught,  for  not  to  exceed  one-half  of  each  day,  in  a  language 
other  than  English,  if  the  necessities  of  the  case  so  seem  to 
require.3 

1  It  has  been  the  desire  that  the  courses  here  should  be  somewhat  flexible. 
In  the  cities  pre-vocational  courses  of  an  industrial  type  are  needed,  while  in 
many  villages  such  courses  should  be  more  agricultural  in  type.     In  all  the 
cities  cultural  courses,  suited  to  the  needs  of  the  super-normal  child,  are  desirable, 
and  can  now  be  included  in  such  schools. 

2  These  are  new  regulations,  but  they  are  such  as  can  be  met  without  difficulty. 
*  This  last  still  seems  to  be  a  necessary  concession,  in  certain  of  our  cities, 

to  get  certain  types  of  foreign-born  children  into  the  public  schools  at  all. 


Revised  School  Code  89 

ARTICLE  14.    SECONDARY-SCHOOL  ADVANTAGES 

Sec.  72.  Types  of  schools  in  cities.  —  All  city  school- 
districts  must  maintain  full  twelve  years  of  elementary  and 
secondary  instruction,  not  including  kindergarten  years, 
and  any  city  school-district  may  establish  evening  continua- 
tion, commercial,  industrial,  practical-arts,  or  trade  schools 
of  secondary  grade,  or  may  maintain  day  secondary  schools 
of  any  type  during  part  or  all  of  the  usual  summer  vacation 
period. 

Sec.  73.  Secondary  schools  in  county  districts.  —  County 
boards  of  education  may  arrange  with  city  school-districts 
for  the  education  of  part  or  all  of  the  secondary-school  pupils 
of  the  county ;  may  establish  one  or  more  county  secondary 
schools,  of  the  same  or  of  different  types ;  may  subdivide  the 
county  into  secondary-school  attendance-subdistricts,  by 
grouping  the  elementary-school  attendance-subdistricts,  and 
provide  for  partial  or  complete  secondary  schools  in  each ;  or 
may  provide  for  the  establishment  of  partial  or  complete 
secondary  schools  in  any  of  the  attendance-subdistricts  of  the 
county,  using  whatever  plan  or  combination  of  plans  will  best 
place  free  secondary-school  advantages  within  the  reach  of  all 
the  children  of  the  county.  Any  county  school-district  may 
also  establish  a  county  secondary  school  of  agriculture  and 
domestic  arts,  as  provided  for  in  Sec.  81  of  this  Code,  and  may 
combine  with  such  school  a  county  teachers'-training-school  to 
train  teachers  for  service  in  the  rural  schools  of  the  county.1 

Sec.  74.  Approved  secondary  schools.  —  In  connection 
with  the  proper  committee  of  the  University  of  Osceola,  the 
state  department  of  education  shall  provide  uniform  rules 
and  regulations  for  the  approval  of  four-year  secondary 
schools,  or  secondary  schools  based  on  intermediate  schools 
or  other  schools  where  the  completion  of  the  course  is  the 

1  Provided  for  more  in  detail  under  Chaps.  V  and  XII. 


90  Educational  Reorganization 

equivalent  to  graduation  from  a  four-year  secondary  school, 
and  for  the  purpose  of  approving  the  school  for  the  admission 
of  its  recommended  graduates  to  the  University  of  Osceola, 
as  provided  for  by  Sec.  77  of  this  Code. 

Sec.  73.  Reasonable  advantages  must  be  provided.  —  In 
the  educational  reorganization  provided  for  in  Chap.  II, 
Art.  6,  a  plan  for  placing  such  free  secondary-school  advan- 
tages within  the  reach  of  all  children  in  the  county  shall  be 
included,  and  if,  within  four  years  from  the  time  of  the  adop- 
tion of  this  Revised  School  Code,  any  county  board  of  educa- 
tion shall  have  failed  to  make  reasonable  provision  for  free 
secondary-school  advantages  for  the  children  of  secondary- 
school  age  within  the  county,  it  shall  be  competent  for  any 
five  citizens  residing  within  the  county,  who  have  children 
of  such  school  age  for  whom  a  reasonable  provision  for  free 
secondary-school  instruction  has  not  been  made,  to  lodge  a 
formal  complaint  with  the  state  commissioner  of  education, 
setting  forth  in  what  way  the  county  board  of  education  has 
failed  to  make  such  provision,  and  asking  for  an  examination 
into  the  facts  of  the  case.1 

Sec.  76.  State  commissioner  to  investigate.  —  On  the 
receipt  of  such  a  formal  complaint  the  state  commissioner  of 
education  shall  order  an  investigation  of  the  facts  of  the  case, 
and  if  he  finds  that  the  county  board  of  education  has  not 
made  reasonably  adequate  provision  for  secondary-school 
instruction,  —  needs,  distances,  pupils,  and  tax-rates  consid- 
ered, —  he  may  direct  the  county  board  of  education  to  make 
such  provision,  under  the  provisions  of  Art.  3,  Sees,  n  and 
12,  of  this  Revised  School  Code,  and,  to  insure  compliance 

1  In  the  county  educational  reorganization,  provided  for  by  Art.  6,  good 
secondary-school  provision  will  undoubtedly  be  made.  It  is  the  intent  of  this 
section  that  secondary-school  advantages  should  be  provided  for  all.  Should 
any  county  board  of  education  fail  or  refuse  to  make  proper  provision,  this  and 
the  following  section  gives  to  the  state  commissioner  of  education  power  to  com- 
pel them  to  do  so. 


Revised  School  Code  91 

with  his  ruling,  may  direct  that  a  part,  not  to  exceed  ten  per 
cent  of  the  state  school  moneys  to  which  such  district  may 
be  otherwise  entitled  shall  be  withheld,  pending  compliance. 
If,  after  one  year,  no  satisfactory  effort  has  been  made  to 
comply  with  the  ruling,  the  commissioner  of  education  may 
declare  the  withheld  moneys  forfeited,  and  direct  the  transfer 
of  the  same  to  the  principal  of  the  permanent  state  school- 
fund. 

Sec.  77.  Admission  to  the  state  university.  —  Admission 
to  some  one  of  the  schools  or  colleges  of  the  University  of 
Osceola  shall  always  be  open  to  the  graduates  of  any  approved 
secondary-school  course  of  instruction  covering  four  years 
beyond  the  elementary  school ;  who  meet  reasonable  require- 
ments in  the  use  of  the  English  language ;  and  who  are  recom- 
mended by  the  principal  of  the  school  as  of  good  moral  char- 
acter, seriousness  of  purpose,  and,  in  the  judgment  of  the 
principal,  fitted  to  enter  the  university  as  students. 


CHAPTER  V.    VOCATIONAL  AND  SUPPLEMENTAL 
EDUCATION 

ARTICLE  15.    VOCATIONAL  EDUCATION 

Sec.  78.  Work  provided  for.  —  Any  city  or  county  school- 
district  may  provide  for  both  day  and  evening  instruction 
and  training,  or  both,  in  industrial  work,  household-economics, 
or  agricultural  pursuits,  as  a  part  of  the  regular  instruc- 
tion in  any  or  all  of  its  schools,  and  such  work  must  be  in- 
cluded in  all  schools  specified  in  Sees.  68  and  70  of  this  Code. 

Sec.  79.  Definitions  of  work.  —  Industrial  education  shall 
include  drawing  and  design  of  any  character,  the  usual  con- 
structive work,  sloyd,  manual  training,  applied  art,  and  any 
form  of  shop  or  laboratory  work  which  has  for  its  object  in- 
dustrial advancement.  Household-economics  shall  include 
sewing,  cooking,  laundering,  domestic  art,  domestic  science, 
housekeeping,  sanitation,  nursing,  and  similar  courses  having 
for  their  object  the  betterment  of  living  conditions  in  the 
home.  Agriculture  shall  include  agriculture,  horticulture, 
gardening,  dairying,  stock-raising,  farm-architecture,  applied 
science,  and  allied  subjects  having  for  their  object  greater 
efficiency  in  farming.1 

Sec.  80.  Nature  of  instruction.  —  In  the  first  six  grades 
the  instruction  shall  be  general  in  its  character,  and  may  be 
given  by  the  regular  teachers.  Beginning  with  the  seventh 
grade,  and  extending  through  the  secondary  school,  the  in- 
struction may  become  vocational  in  character,  and  the  student 

1  This  provides  for  quite  a  range  of  instruction.  It  is  not  expected  that  any 
but  the  largest  schools  will  offer  all  of  the  different  forms  of  instruction  here 
enumerated. 

92 


Revised  School  Code  93 

be  encouraged  to  specialize  on  the  vocation  of  his  choice.  In 
the  industrial  work  the  instruction  shall  be  of  such  a  character 
as  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  pupil  who  is  engaged  in  practical 
phases  of  industrial  work. 

Sec.  81.  County  schools  of  agriculture.  —  The  board  of 
education  for  any  county  school-district  may  establish,  in 
connection  with  the  schools  of  any  first-class  subdistrict,  a 
county  school  of  agriculture,  household-economics,  and  in- 
dustrial work,  of  secondary-school  grade,1  which  shall  be  open 
to  all  properly  qualified  pupils  in  the  county  school-district, 
and  to  pupils  coming  from  city  school-districts  within  the 
county,  or  from  other  counties,  if  there  be  room  for  such,  on 
the  payment  to  the  county  school  authorities,  by  the  school- 
district  from  which  the  pupils  come,  of  a  tuition  charge  not  to 
exceed  the  actual  cost  of  the  instruction  in  such  school,  from 
which  must  be  deducted  the  per  capita-on-attendance  value 
of  all  state  and  county  school-tax  and  state  school-fund  in- 
come, received  and  apportioned  for  the  use  of  such  county 
schools  of  agriculture,  if  the  pupils  come  from  within  the 
county ;  if  the  pupils  come  from  without  the  county,  and  from 
a  county  school-district  not  contributing  to  the  maintenance  of 
such  school,  then  only  the  per  capita  value  of  the  state  money 
received  shall  be  deducted  from  the  tuition  cost.2  Two  or  more 
counties  may  unite  in  the  maintenance  of  such  a  county 
school  of  agriculture,  household-economics,  and  industrial 
work,  but  the  management  and  direction  of  the  school  shall 
rest  with  the  county  board  of  education  for  the  county  in 
which  the  school  building  is  located. 

1  These  are  intended  to  be  distinctively  country  secondary  schools,  the 
aims  of  which  are  to  prepare  boys  and  girls  for  country  life,  and  to  serve  as  exten- 
sion-centers for  the  new  rural-life  movement. 

*  These  provide  for  tuition  rates  based  on  actual  cost,  after  deducting  all 
grants  derived  from  taxation  of  the  district  from  which  the  pupil  comes,  and 
the  charge  for  the  remainder  to  be  levied  on  the  district,  instead  of  on  the 
pupil. 


94  Educational  Reorganization 

Sec.  82.  Courses  of  instruction  in.  —  In  each  county 
school  of  agriculture  shall  be  given :  (i)  instruction  in  such 
branches  of  agricultural  work  as  are  best  adapted  to  the  agri- 
cultural needs  of  the  county;  (2)  household-economics,  of 
a  type  adapted  to  rural  and  village  home  needs;  (3)  such 
forms  of  manual  and  shop  work  and  applied  art  as  are  best 
adapted  to  the  needs  of  the  pupils ;  and  (4)  such  other  sub- 
jects, of  an  academic  or  cultural  character,  not  including 
ancient  languages,  as  it  may  be  deemed  desirable  to  include. 
Such  courses  shall  not  be  less  than  two  years  in  length,  and 
two-year  and  four-year  courses  may  be  given  in  the  same 
school.  Each  school  may  also  give  short  winter  courses 
for  pupils  of  any  age,1  and  shall  also  develop  some  form  of 
extension  service  among  the  teachers  and  people  of  the  entire 
county,  cooperating  in  this  work  with  the  county  agricultural 
advisers  2  provided  for  in  part  by  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  or  the  agricultural-extension  workers 
supplied  by  the  University  of  Osceola. 

Any  such  county  school  of  agriculture,  not  located  in  a 
county  maintaining  a  state  normal  school,  may  add,  as  a  part 
of  a  four-year  secondary-school  course,  a  county  teachers'- 
training-course  for  the  preparation  of  teachers  for  the  rural 
schools  of  the  county,  as  provided  for  in  Chap.  XII  of  this 
Code.3  All  such  schools  must  be  in  session  at  least  eight 
months  of  each  year. 

Sec.  83.  City  industrial  and  trade  schools.  —  The  board  of 
education  for  any  city  school-district  may  establish,  as  a  part 
of  the  public  schools  of  the  city,  a  city  industrial  or  trade 
school,  which  shall  be  open  to  all  properly  qualified  pupils 

1This  is  intended  to  provide  for  two-,  four-,  or  six- weeks'  winter  courses, 
for  farmers  and  their  wives. 

2  These  schools  should  cooperate  with  the  county  agricultural  experts  now 
being  provided,  and  should  become  centers  for  the  improvement  of  all  phases 
of  rural  and  village  community-life,  home-life,  farming,  marketing,  etc. 

1  It  is  in  such  schools  that  the  best  kind  of  training  for  rural  teaching  can  be  given. 


Revised  School  Code  95 

within  the  city  school-district.  Pupils  from  other  school- 
districts  shall  also  be  admitted,  on  application,  and  on  the 
same  conditions  as  provided  for  the  admission  of  pupils  to 
county  schools  of  agriculture,  by  Sec.  81,  above. 

Sec.  84.  Courses  of  instruction  in.  —  In  each  city  in- 
dustrial or  trade  school  shall  be  given:  (i)  such  branches 
of  industrial  work  and  such  trades,  including  applied  art, 
as  seem  best  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  community ;  (2)  such 
branches  of  household  economics  as  there  may  be  a  demand 
for,  adapting  such  as  closely  as  possible  to  city  needs;  (3) 
such  other  subjects,  as  may  seem  necessary  or  desirable  for 
such  a  school.  Such  instruction  shall  include  regular  day 
classes,  with  at  least  two-year  courses,  and  may  also  include 
evening  classes  and  neighborhood  extension-work. 

Sec.  85.  Approval  and  certification.  —  All  such  schools 
shall  be  subject  to  approval,  for  state  money  grants,  by  repre- 
sentatives of  the  state  department  of  education,  but  such 
approval  shall  relate  to  the  length  of  the  course  and  school 
year,  certification  of  the  teachers,  equipment  for  the  work, 
support  of  the  school,  and  the  inclusion  of  the  proper  sub- 
jects of  instruction ;  and  shall  not  tend  to  prevent  any  school 
from  adapting  the  instruction  given  to  the  needs  of  its  com- 
munity in  any  way  it  may  see  fit  to  do.1  All  teachers  in  such 
schools  must  hold  either  a  secondary-school  certificate  or  a 
regular  vocational- education  certificate,  as  may  be  required 
by  the  nature  of  the  work. 

ARTICLE  16.    SUPPLEMENTAL  EDUCATION 

Sec.  86.  County  libraries.  —  Each  county  free-library  in 
existence,  at  the  time  of  the  taking  effect  of  this  Revised  School 

1  The  object  here  is  to  standardize  only  essential  features,  and  to  leave  to 
each  school  as  large  liberty  in  the  instruction  given  as  is  possible.  Each  school 
should  show  individuality,  and  minister  to  the  peculiar  needs  of  the  community 
in  which  it  is  located,  without  being  hampered  by  state  control. 


96  Educational  Reorganization 

Code,  shall  at  that  time  pass  from  the  management  and  con- 
trol of  the  board  of  county  supervisors  to  that  of  the  county 
board  of  education  for  the  county,1  and,  in  each  county  not 
having  a  county  free-library,  the  county  board  of  education 
for  such  county  shall,  within  two  years  after  this  Code  takes 
effect,  provide  for  the  creation  and  maintenance  of  a  county 
free-library  for  such  county. 

Sec.  87.  County  librarians.  —  Each  county  board  of  edu- 
cation, acting  on  the  recommendation  of  the  county  super- 
intendent of  education,  shall  appoint  a  county  librarian  and 
such  assistant  county  librarians  as  may  be  needed,  and  fix 
their  compensation.  County  librarians  shall  be  appointed 
for  four-year  terms,  and  assistant  librarians  for  one-year 
terms,  though  either  may  be  removed,  at  any  time,  for  the 
same  causes  and  according  to  the  same  procedure  as  provided 
for  the  removal  of  teachers  by  Art.  34  of  this  Code.  All 
assistant  librarians  shall  be  under  the  direction  of  the  county 
librarian.  After  July  first,  1917,  all  county  librarians,  and 
after  July  first,  1918,  all  assistant  county  librarians  in  charge 
of  regular  branch  county  libraries,  shall  hold  a  librarian's 
certificate,  as  required  by  Sec.  193  of  this  Code. 

Sec.  88.  Central  and  branch  libraries.  —  The  central 
county  free-library  shall  be  located  at  the  county  seat  of  the 
county,  and  branch  county  free-libraries  shall  be  located 
in  as  many  places  in  the  county  as  the  county  board  of  edu- 
cation may  determine.  With  the  establishment  of  central 
consolidated  schools  and  the  erection  of  community-center 
consolidated  school  buildings,  in  the  first-class  attendance- 
subdistricts,  provision  for  a  branch  county  free-library  shall 

1  Under  the  optional-development  plan  of  the  past,  with  the  county  boards 
of  supervisors  in  control,  no  great  progress  has  been  made,  either  in  developing 
county  libraries  or  in  enlarging  their  usefulness,  while  some  boards  of  super- 
visors have  opposed  their  development,  largely  to  keep  down  taxes.  This  sec- 
tion makes  all  county  free-libraries  a  part  of  the  educational  system,  and  pro- 
vides for  their  proper  development,  use,  and  expansion. 


Revised  School  Code  97 

be  made  in  each  such  school.1  Books  belonging  to  the  county 
library  shall  be  catalogued,  and  copies  of  the  cards  shall  be 
kept  in  all  of  the  branches  in  charge  of  a  certificated  assistant 
librarian,  and  any  book  belonging  to  the  county  library  may 
be  borrowed  through  any  of  its  branches.2  Provision  shall 
also  be  made  by  means  of  which  traveling  libraries  may  be 
placed  in  the  small  schools,  the  teachers  acting  as  agents  for 
the  loaning  and  care  of  the  books,  and  also  at  such  other 
places,  or  stations,  such  as  stores  and  post-offices,  as  may 
seem  desirable  and  practicable,  and  from  such  schools  or 
stations  books  from  the  county  free- library  or  its  branches 
may  also  be  borrowed. 

Sec.  89.  School  libraries  to  be  included.  —  All  school 
libraries  belonging  to  the  different  schools  of  the  county  school- 
district,  together  with  all  free  text-books,  supplemental  books, 
and  reference  books,  are  to  become  parts  of  the  county  free- 
library,  and  for  each,  until  otherwise  provided,  the  teacher 
or  principal  is  to  serve  as  librarian.  All  traveling  school 
libraries,  belonging  to  the  different  county  boards  of  education, 
are  also  to  be  included.3  Any  special  county  libraries,  such 
as  a  county  law-library,  county  medical-library,  county  agri- 
cultural-library, or  county  pedagogical-library,  may  be  in- 
cluded in  the  county  free-library  by  vote  of  the  governing 

1  The  new  consolidated  schoolhouses  are  the  proper  places  for  such  brandies, 
thus  tending  to  make  the  school  a  center  for  the  community  life. 

2  The  state  library  is  expected  to  do  much  in  helping  provide  cards,  either 
by  purchase  from  the  Library  of  Congress,  or  by  printing  cards  for  distribution 
to  the  libraries  of  the  state.    With  a  catalogue  of  all  county  library  books  in 
each  branch  library,  for  consultation,  borrowing  from  the  county  library  will 
be  easy.    The  same  automobile  or  other  conveyance  which  distributes  the 
school  libraries  to  the  schools  will  also  distribute  from  and  return  books  to  the 
central  county  library. 

1  This  will  prove  of  advantage  to  all  concerned.  In  small  schools  the  teacher 
will  become,  ex-officio,  an  assistant  librarian,  though  of  course  without  extra  salary. 
This,  together  with  the  branch  libraries  in  the  consolidated  schools,  will  put 
the  teacher  directly  in  touch  with  the  whole  county  free-library  movement, 
which  will  be  a  good  thing  to  do. 


98  Educational  Reorganization 

board  of  such,  and  on  such  terms  as  may  be  agreed  upon  be- 
tween such  board  and  the  county  board  of  education.  After 
this  Code  takes  effect,  all  library  and  book  apportionments 
from  the  state  and  county  school-taxes,  together  with  such 
additional  amounts,  from  the  one-mill  tax  allowed  therefor,1 
as  each  county  board  of  education  may  determine,  are  to  be 
expended,  under  the  direction  of  the  county  superintendent 
of  education  and  the  county  librarian,  for  such  school  text- 
books, supplemental  school-books,  reference  books,  pedagogi- 
cal books,  special-books,  and  books  of  general  literature  and 
scientific  information  as  may  be  needed  to  supply  the  wants 
of  the  schools  and  the  free-libraries  of  the  county. 

Sec.  90.  Cities  may  join.  —  Any  city  free-library,  or  any 
city  school-district  school-library,  may  become  a  part  of  the 
county  free-library,  on  application  of  the  trustees  of  the  same 
and  acceptance  by  the  county  board  of  education,  after  which 
the  property  within  such  city,  or  city  school-district,  shall 
be  included  in  any  special  county-tax  levied  for  free-library 
purposes.  Any  city  so  uniting  with  a  county  for  free-library 
maintenance  may  later  withdraw  from  the  arrangement,  on 
terms  satisfactory  to  the  governing  boards  of  both  corporations. 
Similarly,  the  trustees  of  any  city  free-public-library  may 
vote  to  turn  the  management  and  control  of  such  over  to  the 
city  school-district  authorities,  and  unite  the  city  and  the 
city  school-district  libraries  under  one  management  and 
control.  Residents  of  cities  may  also  be  permitted  to  borrow 
books  from  the  county  free-library,  on  such  terms  as  may  be 
agreed  upon  by  the  county  board  of  education,  and  exchange 
relations  between  the  county  free-library  and  city  libraries 
may  be  arranged  for. 

Sec.  91.  State  librarian  the  head.  —  The  state  library 
and  the  state  librarian,  acting  under  the  supervisory  control 
of  the  state  board  of  education,  shall  be  the  head  of  the  county 

1  See  Sec.  109. 


Revised  School  Code  99 

free-library  system  of  this  state.  The  state  librarian  shall 
call  a  conference  of  all  county  librarians  in  this  state,  together 
with  the  city  librarians  in  cities  where  the  free-library  is 
under  the  management  and  control  of  the  city  board  of  edu- 
cation, to  meet  annually  at  the  state  library,  or  at  such  other 
place  as  the  state  board  of  education  shall  approve,  for  a 
three-day  meeting,  to  consider  the  problems  and  needs  of  the 
free-libraries  of  this  state.  All  librarians  attending  such 
meeting  shall  be  paid  their  necessary  traveling  expenses  from 
the  general  contingent  fund  of  the  city  or  county  school- 
district  they  represent. 

Sec.  92.  State  library  and  museum  to  cooperate.  —  The 
state  library  shall  place  itself  in  cooperative  relations  with  all 
free-public-libraries  in  this  state;  shall  send  out  traveling 
and  special  libraries  to  such;  shall  loan  individual  books  to 
libraries  for  the  use  of  any  citizen  in  the  state ;  and  shall  as- 
sist the  county  libraries  in  all  practicable  ways  in  preparing 
catalogues  of  their  books  and  organizing  their  work.  The 
state  museum  shall  similarly  prepare  and  loan  illustrative 
collections  of  lantern  slides,  maps,  charts,  scientific  specimens, 
and  such  other  museum  material  as  may  be  thought  desirable, 
to  any  city  or  county  library  in  this  state,  and  to  the  schools 
in  such  districts.1 

1  This  makes  the  state  museum  a  phase  of  the  educational  work  of  the  state, 
instead  of  a  collection  of  curiosities,  and  makes  it  actively  useful  to  the  whole 
state,  instead  of  to  only  the  few  who  visit  the  state  capitol. 


CHAPTER  VI.    HIGHER  AND   PROFESSIONAL 
EDUCATION 

ARTICLE  17.    THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  OSCEOLA 

Sec.  93.  Culmination  of  the  state  system.  —  The  Uni- 
versity of  Osceola,  now  situated  at  Chippewa  Falls,  is  hereby 
continued,  in  all  of  its  branches,  as  the  university  for  this 
state,  and  as  provided  in  the  organic  act  creating  the  same ; l 
and  the  University  of  Osceola  shall  form  the  culmination  of 
the  public  school  system  of  the  state.  The  requirements  for 
admission  shall  be  so  regulated  as  to  keep  the  university  in 
close  coordination  with  the  public  secondary  schools  of  this 
state.2 

Sec.  94.  Government  of.  —  The  government  of  the  uni- 
versity shall  be  intrusted  to  a  board  of  eight  regents,  one  to 
be  appointed  each  year  by  the  governor  of  the  state,  and  the 
state  commissioner  of  education,  ex-officio.3  Vacancies  oc- 
curring shall  be  filled  by  the  governor,  for  the  unexpired  term. 
In  making  all  appointments  to  the  board  of  regents,  the  gov- 

1  This  merely  continues  the  university  in  the  form  guaranteed  it  by  the  con- 
stitution.   The  organic  act,  dating  from  1845,  gives  the  university  regents  large 
governing  powers,  and  these  powers  are  merely  confirmed  to  the  university  by 
the  new  constitution  and  this  Code. 

2  See  Sec.  77. 

*  This  continues  the  board  of  regents  as  it  has  been  for  some  time,  except 
that  the  governor  and  the  lieutenant  governor,  ex-officio,  are  not  now  included. 
The  experience  in  the  past  has  been  that  they  served  no  useful  purpose  on  the 
board.  The  new  state  commissioner  of  education  is  added  because  it  was  felt 
that  he,  as  the  expert  head  of  the  elementary-  and  secondary-school  system 
of  the  state,  should  be  represented  in  the  government  of  the  state  university. 
It  was  believed  that  an  expert  officer  of  this  type  would  serve  quite  a  different 
purpose  on  such  a  board  from  what  the  old  type  of  politically-elected  state 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  would. 


Revised  School  Code  101 

ernor  shall  be  influenced  by  no  other  considerations  than 
personal  fitness  for  the  position.  The  board  of  regents  in 
office  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  this  Act  shall  continue  to 
serve  for  the  terms  for  which  they  were  originally  appointed. 
Each  member  of  the  board  of  regents  shall  be  paid  all  of  his 
necessary  traveling  expenses  incident  to  attending  all  meet- 
ings of  the  board,  but  no  additional  compensation.1  The  time 
for  holding  regular  meetings  of  the  board,  the  conditions 
under  which  special  meetings  may  be  held,  and  the  number  and 
powers  of  committees,  shall  be  as  provided  for  in  the  rules 
and  regulations  of  the  board. 

Sec.  95.  Duties  and  powers  of  regents.  —  The  board  of 
regents  for  the  University  of  Osceola  shall  have  the  following 
powers  and  duties :  — 

(1)  To  select  the  president,  professors,  instructors,  and 
all  other  officers  and  employees  of  the  university ;  to  fix  their 
terms  of  office  and  compensation;   and  to  remove  them  for 
cause.     To  the  president  shall  be  given  the  supervision  of  the 
instruction  and  the  discipline  within  the  university ;  and  the 
conditions  for  admission,  graduation,  and  the  awarding  of 
degrees  and  diplomas  shall  be  determined  by  the  faculty.2 

(2)  To  prescribe  rules  and  regulations  for  the  general  gov- 
ernment of  the  university,  and  the  management  and  care  of 
its  grounds,  buildings,  laboratories,  libraries,  collections,  and 
other  property. 

(3)  To  receive  and  apply  gifts  and  bequests  for  the  further- 
ance of  the  work  of  the  university,  or  any  phase  or  depart- 
ment thereof. 

(4)  To  have  charge  of  the  investment  of  the  principal  of 
the  seminary-fund,  the  fund  for  the  endowment  of  a  college 

1  The  position  has  been  regarded,  in  the  past,  as  a  great  honor,  and  it  is  de- 
sired to  keep  it  so. 

1  This  leaves  the  internal  administration  of  the  university  to  the  president 
and  the  faculty. 


IO2  Educational  Reorganization 

of  agriculture  and  mechanical  arts,  and  any  trust-funds  for 
any  educational  purpose  connected  with  the  university,  which 
have  been  or  may  hereafter  be  given  for  the  benefit  of  the 
university.1  The  state  treasurer  shall  act  ex-officio  as  treas- 
urer for  the  board. 

(5)  To  appropriate  the  income  of  all  permanent  funds  to 
the  objects  for  which  they  were  given,  and  to  order  the  appro- 
priation and  expenditure  of  all  funds  given  by  the  state  for 
grounds,  buildings,  equipment,  or  maintenance  of  the  uni- 
versity.2 

(6)  To  make,  or  cause  to  be  made,  all  reports  required  by 
the  state  department  of  education ;   and  to  cause  to  be  pre- 
pared and  printed  an  annual  report  of  the  work  done  by  the 
different  divisions  and  departments  of  the  university,  and 
an  annual  report  of  the  president,  secretary,  and  treasurer, 
showing  the  conditions,  needs,  and  expenses  of  the  university. 

(7)  To  transmit,  biennially,  these  annual  reports  to  the 
legislature,   together  with  a  statement  of  needs  for  either 
plant  or  maintenance  which  it  is  estimated  that  the  state 
mill-tax  appropriation  will  not  meet.3 

(8)  To  perform  such  other  duties,  not  contrary  to  law,  as 
may  be  necessary  to  discharge  their  trust,  and  to  perform  such 
other  acts  as  they  may  be,  from  time  to  time,  directed  to 
perform  by  the  general  assembly. 

(9)  In  the  name  of  the  board  of  regents  for  the  University 
of  Osceola  to  possess  corporate  powers,  to  adopt  a  seal,  to 

1  The  investment  of  the  university  funds  by  the  regents  in  the  past  has 
evidenced  rare  judgment  and  large  financial  skill,  and  it  is  desired  to  leave  the 
control  as  it  now  is. 

2  This  is  perhaps  the  chief  function  of  the  regents.    Their  work  is  to  guard 
the  funds,  settle  large  lines  of  policy,  and  appropriate  funds  for  specific  purposes. 

8  The  great  burden  of  support  is  to  be  met  by  the  state  tax-appropriation, 
provided  for  in  Sec.  96.  Special  appropriations  by  the  general  assembly  will 
be  needed  only  to  meet  emergencies  and  large  permanent-equipment  expendi- 
tures. 


Revised  School  Code  103 

sue  and  to  be  sued,  and  to  transact  such  business  as  their 
corporate  existence  may  require. 

Sec.  96.  Support.  —  The  income  from  all  permanent 
funds  under  the  control  of  the  regents  shall  be  appropriated 
for  the  purposes  for  which  they  were  originally  given.  In 
addition  to  the  income  from  all  permanent  funds,  the  uni- 
versity shall  receive  a  state  university  tax-appropriation,  to 
be  set  aside  by  the  state  treasurer,  each  year,  from  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  state  corporation-taxes,  and  placed  to  the  credit 
of  the  board  of  regents  for  the  university.  The  amount  so 
set  aside  shall  be  the  equivalent  of  a  tax  of  i|  mills  on  the 
equalized  assessed  valuation  of  the  real  and  personal  property 
in  this  state,  as  determined  each  year  by  the  state  board  of 
equalization  and  assessment.  Of  this  tax-equivalent  so  set 
aside  five-sixths  must  be  used  for  purposes  incident  to  the 
maintenance  of  instruction,  and  the  remaining  one-sixth  may 
be  used,  either  in  whole  or  in  part,  for  sites,  buildings,  or 
repairs,  or  for  instruction.  The  money  so  designated  to  be 
set  apart  for  the  benefit  of  the  university  shall  be  known  as 
the  state  university-tax,  and  shall  be,  subject  only  to  the 
state  school-tax  provided  for  in  Sec.  101,  a  prior  lien  on  the 
corporation-tax  income  during  each  year.1 

Sec.  97.  Instruction.  —  Instruction  in  the  university  shall 
be  free  to  all  residents  of  this  state,  without  distinction  as  to 
race,  sex,  or  sects,  and,  so  far  as  can  be  done  consistent  with 
the  proper  provision  for  residents  of  this  state,  residents  of 

1  This  tax,  instituted  ten  years  ago,  now  provides  for  the  annual  needs  of 
the  university,  and  so  far  has  increased  in  productiveness  about  as  fast  as  the 
university  work  has  expanded,  except  for  the  need  of  new  buildings.  Since 
the  abolition  of  the  general  state  property-tax,  it  is  now  necessary  to  set  aside 
an  equivalent  amount  from  the  corporation -tax  income.  Due  to  the  elimina- 
tion of  delinquencies,  this  change  will  give  the  university  a  slightly  larger  sum. 
Education  being  one  of  the  most  important  obligations  of  this  state,  the  uni- 
versity tax-appropriation,  like  the  state  school-tax,  is  made  a  preferred  claim 
on  the  corporation-tax  income. 


IO4  Educational  Reorganization 

other  states  and  countries  shall  be  admitted  on  the  same  terms. 
The  regents  may,  however,  authorize  the  faculty  to  impose  a 
general  matriculation  fee,  or  such  laboratory,  gymnasium, 
breakage,  or  other  similar  fees  as  may  wholly  or  in  part  cover 
service  and  the  cost  of  materials  consumed  in  the  work  of 
instruction.1 

Sec.  98.  Scope  of  instruction.  —  The  university  shall 
include  the  following  colleges  and  schools,  with  their  necessary 
subdivisions :  — 

1.  The  college  of  liberal  arts. 

2.  The  school  of  fine  arts. 

3.  The  school  of  history,  economics,  and  social  sciences. 

4.  The  school  of  business  administration. 

5.  The  state  teachers-college,  or  school  of  education. 

6.  The  school  of  pure  science. 

7.  The  college  of  engineering. 

8.  The  college  of  agriculture. 

9.  The  school  of  household  arts. 

10.  The  school  of  library  science. 

11.  The  school  of  law. 

12.  The  school  of  medicine. 

13.  The  school  of  veterinary  medicine. 

14.  The  school  of  pharmacy. 

15.  The  graduate  school. 

1 6.  The  summer  session. 

17.  The  university-extension  division. 

Additional  schools2  may  be  created  by  the  regents,  on 
recommendation  of  the  president,  as  the  needs  of  the  univer- 
sity may  require  and  the  funds  of  the  university  may  permit. 

1  These  are  mere  service  charges,  are  all  small  in  amount,  and  it  has  been 
felt  to  be  wise  to  retain  them.    The  amounts  produced  are  of  less  importance 
than  the  moral  effect  on  the  students  paying  them.    The  large  number  of  small 
scholarships  in  existence  cover  most  cases  of  special  need  and  merit. 

2  All  of  the  above  are  now  well-organized  parts  of  the  university,  and  their 
enumeration  merely  shows  the  present  scope  of  the  instruction  offered,  and  does 


Revised  School  Code  105 

Sec.  99.  State  University  the  standard.  —  The  University 
of  Osceola  shall  serve  as  the  standard  for  the  accrediting  by 
the  state  board  of  education  of  universities  and  colleges * 
in  this  state,  in  other  states,  and  in  other  countries,  as  provided 
for  in  Sec.  7,  subdiv.  4  of  this  Code.  While  institutions  else- 
where need  not  be  so  extensive,  the  standards  maintained  in 
the  work  which  they  do  must  be  approximately  equal  to  those 
maintained  in  this  state  if  degrees  from  such  are  to  be  accepted 
as  meeting  the  academic  or  professional  requirements  for 
certificates  to  teach  and  to  practice  the  learned  professions 
in  this  state.2 

not  preclude  the  development  of  new  divisions  by  the  regents,  as  future  needs 
may  seem  to  require. 

1  The  standards  for  entering  the  learned  professions,  and  the  examinations 
for  the  same,  are  not  considered  in  this  School  Code,  as  they  are  provided  for 
elsewhere  in  the  laws  of  this  state. 

2  It  is  the  intention  here  that,  while  interstate  recognition  of  training  shall 
be  a  prominent  feature  of  the  work  of  Osceola,  the  standards  for  admission  to 
the  professions  in  this  state  shall  not  be  lower  to  those  coming  from  other  states 
than  for  the  residents  of  this  state. 


TITLE   m.     SUPPORT   OF   THE   SCHOOL   SYSTEM 

CHAPTER  VII.    FUNDS  AND  TAXATION 

ARTICLE  18.    STATE  AID 

Sec.  100.  The  state  school-fund. — The  school-fund  of  this 
state  shall  be  as  defined  in  Sec.  7  of  the  constitution  of  Osceola, 
and  its  management,  investment,  and  use  shall  be  as  there 
defined.  The  net  income  from  such  fund  shall  constitute  a 
reserve  fund,1  to  be  apportioned  by  the  state  department  of 
education,  as  provided  for  in  Sec.  116  of  this  School  Code. 

Sec.  1 01.  State  school-tax.  —  The  state  board  of  educa- 
tion shall,  each  year,  at  its  annual  meeting  in  August,  by  formal 
resolution,  notify  the  state  controller  of  the  number  of  pupils 
who  have  been  in  average  daily  attendance  in  the  public 
schools  of  the  state  during  the  preceding  school  year,  and, 
on  the  receipt  of  such  resolution,  the  state  controller  shall 
direct  the  state  treasurer  to  set  aside,  from  the  corporation 
taxes  then  or  thereafter  paid  into  the  state  treasury,2  an 
amount  which  shall  be  equal  to  $20  for  each  pupil  in  average 
daily  attendance  during  the  preceding  year,3  as  reported  to 

1  This  fund,  somewhat  less  than  $3,000,000  in  all,  is  not  large  enough  to  be 
of  any  real  value  except  as  a  special-aid  reserve-fund.    The  former  distribution 
of  income  on  census,  which  averaged  $1.89  per  census  child  to  all  districts,  was 
of  little  real  value  in  aiding  education  in  this  state,  as  most  of  the  money  went 
to  the  districts  and  counties  needing  it  least,  and  left  the  inequalities  existing 
after  its  distribution  greater  than  before. 

2  The  term  state  school-tax  is  retained,  because  of  its  long  use  in  this  state, 
though  the  recent  change  from  a  direct  state-tax  to  an  indirect  corporation- 
income-basis  for  state  taxation  makes  this  change  in  method  necessary. 

*  This  gives  a  very  definite  tax,  and  one  directly  proportional  to  the  growth 
of  the  schools.  It  is  as  great  an  improvement  over  the  old  mill-tax  as  that  was 
over  the  former  legislative  appropriation. 

106 


Revised  School  Code  107 

the  state  department  of  education  by  the  different  county 
boards  of  education.  This  total  amount  shall  be  a  prior  lien 
on  the  income  from  the  corporation-taxes,  and  shall  come 
ahead  of  any  appropriations  made  from  such  income  by  the 
general  assembly.1  This  amount,  when  so  set  aside,  shall 
be  known  as  the  state  school-tax,  and,  together  with  the  net 
income  from  the  state  school-fund,  shall  be  placed  to  the 
credit  of  the  state  department  of  education,  for  apportionment 
by  it  to  the  school  corporations  of  this  state,  as  provided  for 
by  Chap.  VIII  of  this  Code. 

Sec.  1 02.  State  board  expenses.  —  The  state  school- tax 
provided  for  hi  Sec.  101,  together  with  the  income  from  the 
permanent  state  school-fund,  shall  be  apportioned  to  the 
different  school  corporations  of  the  state,  as  provided  for  in 
Chap.  VIII  of  this  School  Code,  to  be  used  by  them  in 
the  maintenance  of  schools.  The  expenses  of  maintaining  the 
state  department  of  education,  the  state  normal  schools,  the 
state  library,  and  the  state  museum  shall  be  included  in 
the  biennial  budget  provided  for  in  Sec.  7,  subdiv.  13  of  this 
Code,  and  the  same  shall  be  covered  by  legislative  appro- 
priations. 

Sec.  103.  Average  daily  attendance  defined.  —  Acting 
on  the  recommendation  of  the  commissioner  of  education, 
the  state  board  of  education  shall  adopt  and  publish  uniform 
rules  and  regulations,  under  which  the  different  school  cor- 
porations of  this  state  shall  calculate  and  report  their  average 
daily  attendance  for  all  classes  of  schools.2 

Sec.  104.     Local    school-funds.  —  Any    local    permanent 

1  This  was  deemed  to  be  a  necessary  safeguard,  to  insure  enough  money  being 
left  to  pay  the  state  school-tax. 

1  This  is  to  insure  uniform  reckoning  throughout  the  state.    The  state  board 

-is  given  this  authority,  instead  of  it  being  denned  in  the  law,  so  as  to  permit 

changes  to  be  made  as  changing  needs  may  seem  to  require,  without  the  need 

of  legislative  enactment.     So  long  as  the  rules  are  uniform  for  all  the  basis  may 

be  changed  without  injury. 


io8  Educational  Reorganization 

funds  for  educational  purposes,  existing  at  the  time  of  the 
adoption  of  this  Code,  shall  continue  under  the  terms  and 
conditions  of  their  original  grant,  and  county  and  city  school- 
district  boards  are  authorized  to  accept  and  manage  any  funds 
which  may,  in  the  future,  be  given  to  either  type  of  school- 
district  for  the  furtherance  of  any  educational  purpose  within 
the  provisions  of  this  Code,  or  in  harmony  with  the  spirit  of 
the  constitution  and  school  laws  of  this  state.1 

ARTICLE  19.    COUNTY  TAXATION 

Sec.  105.  County  school-tax.  —  Each  county  board  of 
education,  at  its  regular  meeting  in  August  of  each  year,  shall, 
by  resolution,  notify  the  board  of  county  supervisors  for  the 
county  of  the  total  number  of  pupils  in  average  daily  attend- 
ance in  all  schools  of  the  county  during  the  preceding  school 
year,  calculated  according  to  the  rules  and  regulations  pub- 
lished by  the  state  board  of  education.  On  receipt  of  such 
resolution,  the  board  of  county  supervisors  shall,  at  the  time 
for  levying  the  county  taxes,  levy  an  amount  which  shall 
equal  $20  for  each  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  in  all  of 
the  schools  of  the  county  the  preceding  year,  as  reported  by 
such  resolution,  and  calculated  as  follows :  - 

They  must  first  deduct  fifteen  per  cent  from  the  equalized 
value  of  the  last  general  assessment  roll  of  the  county  for 
delinquencies,  and  the  amount  required  to  be  raised  by  the 
remainder  of  the  assessment  roll  is  the  rate  to  be  levied,  but 
if  any  fraction  of  a  cent  occur,  it  must  be  taken  as  a  full  cent. 
This  tax  shall  be  known  as  the  county  school-tax,  and  the 
proceeds  from  it  shall  be  apportioned  to  the  different  school- 
districts  within  the  county,  as  provided  for  in  Chap.  VIII 
of  this  School  Code. 

1  There  are  but  few  such  local  funds,  and  mostly  in  cities,  and  for  special 
purposes.  It  is  desirable  to  encourage  any  others,  as  some  of  those  now  in 
existence  are  of  great  value  as  stimulants  to  better  work. 


Revised  School  Code  109 

ARTICLE  20.    DISTRICT  TAXATION 

Sec.  106.  Estimating  the  district  tax.  —  The  governing 
board  for  each  school-district,  city  or  county,  may  vote  to 
levy  additional  district-taxation  for  further  maintaining  the 
different  educational  institutions  under  their  control  during 
the  ensuing  year,  for  extending  the  school  facilities,  for  the 
purchase  of  sites  and  the  erection  of  buildings,  or  for  any 
other  purpose  authorized  by  law  and  within  the  limits  *  set 
by  law,  and  under  the  following  conditions  :  — 

(i)  Each  board  shall  each  year  prepare,  or  cause  to  be  pre- 
pared, a  budget  of  the  necessary  expenses  for :  — 

(a)  School-maintenance  fund.  —  Maintaining   the  different 
playgrounds,   free-libraries,   schools,   and   other   educational 
institutions  in  the  school  district  for  at  least  as  many  months 
as  is  required  by  law,  including  all  ordinary  operation  and 
maintenance  charges ; 2  maintaining  the  administrative  and  su- 
pervisory organization,  and  offices  for  the  district ; 3  and  the  cost 
of  needed  extensions  of  the  instructional  work  of  the  schools.4 
This  shall  be  known  as  the  school-maintenance  fund. 

(b)  Building  and  repairs  fund.  —  The  cost  of  all  important 
repairs  to  and  alterations  in  the  existing  school  plant;    of 
new  permanent  equipment;   and  of  all  new  sites  and  build- 
ings, or  extensions  to  old  sites  and  buildings,  and  not  to  be 
covered  by  bonded  indebtedness.     This  shall  be  known  as  the 
building  and  repairs  fund.5 

1  See  Sec.  109,  further  on. 

1  This  should  include  the  cost  of  instruction,  including  teachers'  salaries, 
books,  and  supplies ;  and  operation  and  maintenance  charges,  such  as  fuel, 
insurance,  freight  and  drayage,  light  and  power,  water  and  telephone,  janitor 
service,  and  the  general  upkeep  of  buildings  and  grounds. 

1  The  cost  for  supervision,  administration,  office  expenses,  census,  elections, 
and  attorney  fees  properly  belong  here. 

4  This  should  mean  new  instructional  work,  —  not  buildings. 

5  This  should  include  new  buildings  and  additions  to  old  buildings,  sites,  new 
equipment,  and  new  furniture.    The  United  States  bureau  of  education  stand- 
ard forms  are  to  be  followed.    (See  Sec.  7,  subdiv.  2.) 


1 10  Educational  Reorganization 

(2)  As  careful  estimates  as  can  be  made  shall  then  be  made 
of  the  probable  income  for  the  year  from   the  state  school 
fund  and  tax,  and  from  the  county  school-tax,  as  well  as 
from  any  district   educational  funds  which  may  exist,   or 
from  the  sale  of  property  belonging  to  the  district. 

The  state  board  of  education  shall  define,  by  general  rule, 
the  items  which  shall  be  included  in  estimating  each  of  these 
funds. 

(3)  The  estimated  income  from  the  different  funds  and 
taxes  shall  then  be  deducted  from  the  estimated  maintenance- 
fund  needed,  and  the  remainder,  together  with  any  amounts 
needed  for  the  building  and  repairs  fund,  shall  be  the  amount 
to  be  certified  for  levy. 

Sec.  107.  Subdistrict  taxes.  —  Any  first-class  attendance- 
subdistrict  may,  as  provided  for  in  Sec.  45,  subdiv.  2  of  this 
Code,  vote  to  have  levied  a  subdistrict  tax,  for  the  extension 
of  the  material  equipment  or  the  educational  facilities  within 
the  subdistrict.1 

Sec.  108.  Certifying  district  taxes  for  levy.  —  Subdistrict 
taxes,  if  any  are  levied,  must  be  voted  by  the  subdistricts  at 
the  June  school  elections,  and  the  certificate  of  the  results  of 
such  election  shall  include  a  certificate  of  the  tax  voted  for 
levy.  All  city  school-districts  must,  by  resolution,  certify 
to  the  proper  county  board  of  education,  as  provided  for  in 
Sec.  45,  subdiv.  8  of  this  Code,  and  not  later  than  August 
first  of  each  year,  the  additional  district  taxes  needed  properly 
to  maintain  their  schools.  Each  county  board  of  education 
shall,  at  its  regular  meeting  in  August,  certify  to  the  county 
board  of  supervisors  the  amounts  of  all  subdistrict  and  dis- 

1  It  will  not  be  often  that  subdistrict  taxes  will  be  voted,  as  the  state,  county, 
and  district  school-moneys  should  be  sufficient  to  properly  maintain  the  schools, 
but  it  was  thought  advisable  to  permit  attendance-subdistricts  to  levy  taxes  for 
additional  educational  facilities,  beyond  what  could  otherwise  be  provided,  if 
the  people  by  vote  should  decide  that  they  wanted  to  do  so. 


Revised  School  Code  in 

trict  school-taxes  certified  to  it  as  having  been  voted,  together 
with  any  additional  county-district  school-taxes  deemed  nec- 
essary by  it.1 

Sec.  109.  Levy,  and  tax  limits.  —  All  taxes  so  certified  to 
the  county  board  of  supervisors  shall  be  levied  on  the  prop- 
erty contained  within  the  school  district  or  attendance-sub- 
district  voting  to  levy  the  same,  and,  when  collected,  shall  be 
paid  into  the  county  treasury  and  placed  to  the  credit  of  the 
school-district  or  attendance-subdistrict  on  which  the  tax  was 
levied,2  to  be  paid  out  by  said  treasurer  as  provided  in  Sec. 
117  of  this  Code.  All  such  district  or  attendance-subdistrict 
taxes  shall  be  levied  by  the  county  board  of  supervisors,  at 
the  time  of  levying  the  county  taxes,  and  according  to  the 
same  methods  outlined  in  Sec.  105  for  the  levy  of  the  county 
school-tax ;  provided,  however,  that  attendance-subdistrict  taxes 
for  any  or  all  purposes  shall  not  exceed  2\  mills  for  any  sub- 
district  in  any  one  year ;  and  that  district  taxes  levied  by  any 
city  or  county  school-district  shall  not  exceed  4  mills  for  the 
maintenance  fund,  3  of  which  shall  be  for  schools  and  exten- 
sion-work, and  i  for  books  and  free-libraries,  or  4  mills  for 
the  buildings  and  repairs  fund,  not  including  the  county 
school-tax,  and  except  as  provided  for  in  Sec.  129  of  this 
Code  for  building  purposes. 

1  The  act  of  levying  all  taxes  rests  naturally  with  the  county  board  of  super- 
visors, but  the  determination  of  the  amounts  needed,  within  the  limits  set  by 
Sec.  109,  rests  with  the  different  governing  school  boards  only,  and  it  is  intended 
that  over  this  the  board  of  supervisors  shall  have  no  control.  This  naturally 
deprives  them  of  the  chance  to  play  politics  by  cutting  the  school-tax.  Even 
the  county  board  of  education  cannot  change  the  amounts  levied  by  attend- 
ance-subdistricts  or  city  school-districts,  if  within  legal  limits,  its  function 
being  merely  a  recording  and  coordinating  one. 

1  That  is,  district  and  attendance-subdistrict  taxes  shall  belong  to  the  dis- 
tricts or  attendance-subdistricts  paying  them,  and  may  be  expended  on  their 
order.  The  county  school-tax,  on  the  contrary,  is  levied  equally  on  all  prop- 
erty in  the  county,  and  is  apportioned  according  to  a  definite  plan  to  the 
different  districts,  and  in  proportion  to  the  educational  effort  made  by  each. 


H2  Educational  Reorganization 

Sec.  no.  Fiscal  year.  —  The  fiscal  year  for  all  school- 
districts  in  this  state  shall  begin  on  the  first  day  of  July  and 
end  on  the  thirtieth  day  of  June  of  each  year,  and  all  at- 
tendance-subdistrict,  district,  county,  and  state  school-returns 
shall  be  made  on  this  basis. 


CHAPTER  VIII.    APPORTIONMENT  OF    FUNDS 

ARTICLE  21.    BASIS  OF  GRANTS 

Sec.  in.  State  school-fund  income.  —  The  annual  income 
from  the  permanent  state  school-fund  shall  be  held  by  the 
state  board  of  education  as  a  state  reserve-fund,  to  be  used 
to  equalize,  as  far  as  may  be,  the  educational  advantages 
throughout  the  different  counties  of  this  state.1  This  reserve- 
fund  shall  be  apportioned  to  the  different  counties  of  the 
state  in  the  manner  provided  in  Sec.  116  of  this  article. 

Sec.  112.  Apportionment  of  the  state  school-tax.  —  Im- 
mediately after  the  first  day  of  December  and  May  of  each 
year,  the  state  treasurer  shall  notify  the  state  commissioner 
of  education,  in  writing,  of  the  amount  of  money  on  hand  on 
that  date,  and  set  aside  to  the  credit  of  the  state  school-tax. 
On  receipt  of  such  information  he  shall  at  once  instruct  the 
business  division  of  the  state  department  to  apportion  an 
amount  to  the  different  counties  of  this  state  equal  to  the 
largest  even  number  of  dollars  per  pupil  in  average  daily 
attendance  the  preceding  year  which  such  sum  represents, 
reserving  any  amount  represented  by  fractions  of  a  dollar 
for  apportionment  in  May.2  The  apportionment  shall  be 

1  That  is,  the  fund  is  now  to  be  used  to  aid  those  most  who  have  the  least, 
and  are  in  the  greatest  need  of  extra  aid. 

2  This  is  merely  for  convenience  in  estimating  the  May  apportionment.     A 
sum  equal  to  $20  is  required  to  be  set  aside.      As  it  is  not  a  tax  to  be  collected, 
but  an  apportionment  from  revenue  paid  in,  there  can  of  course  be  no  delin- 
quencies.    If,  then,  in  November,  the  amount  in  equals  $14.6247  per  pupil  in 
average  daily  attendance,  the  apportionment  will  be  for  $14  even,  which  of 
course  means  that  the  May  apportionment  will  be  for  $6.     In  other  words,  the 
December  apportionment  would  be  seventy  per  cent  of  the  whole  amount  to 
be  received. 

I  113 


114  Educational  Reorganization 

made  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  Sec.  113  of  this 
article.  When  the  apportionment  has  been  approved  by  the 
commissioner  of  education,  a  copy  of  the  same  shall  be  for- 
warded to  the  state  treasurer,  who  shall  at  once  draw  his 
warrant  in  favor  of  the  different  county  treasurers  for  the 
amounts  so  apportioned  to  their  counties.  A  detailed  ap- 
portionment sheet  for  each  county  shall  be  forwarded  to  the 
county  superintendent  of  education  for  the  county.1  With 
the  apportionment  made  in  December,  a  statement  shall 
also  be  made  to  each  county  superintendent  of  education 
and  to  each  county  treasurer,  stating  what  proportion  of  the 
whole  amount  of  $20  per  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance 
the  preceding  year  the  December  apportionment  represents.2 

Sec.  113.  Basis  of  apportionments. — The  state  school- 
tax  shall  be  apportioned  to  the  different  counties  in  this  state, 
and  according  to  the  following  method  :  — 

I.  Teacher  grants.  —  To  be  paid  on  the  basis  of  actual 
employment,  as  certified  to  the  state  department  of  education 
by  each  county  board  of  education,  though  any  county  failing 
to  provide  for  the  educational  reorganization  required  by 
Art.  6  shall  be  subject  to  the  penalties  of  Sec.  31  of  this  Code. 
What  constitutes  full-time  and  half-time  teachers  shall  be 
determined,  by  general  rule,  by  the  state  board  of  education.3 

1  The  treasurers  are  interested  only  in  totals,  while  each  county  superin- 
tendent needs  to  know  the  details  of  the  apportionment  made,  as  he  is  required 
to  duplicate  all  state  grants  made  in  apportioning  the  county  school-fund. 

3  So  that  future  apportionments  and  per  capita  on  attendance  grants  may  be 
calculated,  and  also  so  that  the  county  treasurer  may  anticipate  income,  if 
necessary,  as  provided  for  by  Sec.  119. 

3  The  purpose  kept  continually  in  mind  in  arranging  these  specific  grants 
was  that  of  stimulating  communities  to  additional  educational  effort,  by  offering 
a  series  of  premiums  for  new  and  additional  undertakings.  If  it  is  argued  that 
the  cities  only  have  special  branches  and  courses  of  instructionr  and  hence  will 
be  aided  under  the  plan  beyond  their  proportion,  the  answer  is  that  town  and 
country  children  deserve  equally  good  educational  advantages  and  that,  under 
the  new  county  reorganization  plan  outlined,  and  with  the  county-unit  for 
school  administration  and  definite  premiums  placed  on  new  efforts,  there  is  no 


Revised  School  Code  115 

(1)  For  each  county  or  city  superintendent  of  education 
employed  within  the  county,  one-third  of  the  salary  paid  such, 
up  to  a  maximum  state  grant 1  of    .        .        .        .      $1200. 

(2)  For  each  county  or  city  school-health-officer,  devoting 
full  time  to  the  work  of  health  supervision  in  the  schools,  and 
each  full-time  county  or  city  attendance-officer,  one-third  of 
the  salary  paid,  up  to  a  maximum  state  grant  of    .       $1200. 

(3)  For   each   assistant-superintendent   in   either   city  or 
county,  and  each  supervising-principal  who  has  his  full  time 
free  for  the  supervision  of  instruction,  one-third  of  the  salary 
paid  such  up  to  a  maximum  state  grant  of       .        .        $600. 

(4)  For  each  full-time  supervisor  of  a  special  subject  of 
instruction,   whose   work   is   primarily  to   teach  and  guide 
teachers;    each  supervisor  of  playgrounds;    and  each  super- 
intendent of  school  attendance         ....        $400. 

(5)  For  each  full-time  school-nurse  employed       .        $300. 

(6)  For  each  full-time  teacher  employed  in  elementary- 
schools,  including  kindergarten  teachers,  teachers  of  special 
subjects  or  classes,  or  teachers  in  special  types  of  schools, 
and  school-playground  directors $250. 

(7)  For  each  full-time  teacher  employed  in  regularly  or- 
ganized intermediate  schools,  or  vocational  schools  of  inter- 
mediate grade $275. 

reason  why  they  should  not  now  be  provided  with  them  also.  Under  the  old 
census  basis  of  apportionment  no  one  was  paid  for  anything  except  getting 
names  on  the  census  lists,  and  naturally  only  the  cities  had  energy  and  money 
enough  to  provide  the  extra  educational  advantages  now  made  possible  for  all. 
1  The  purpose  here,  as  well  as  in  2  and  3  which  follow,  is  to  stimulate  coun- 
ties and  districts  to  pay  good  salaries,  and  thus  to  attract  the  best  men  and 
women  to  their  service.  With  a  state  apportionment  of  one- third,  and  a  county 
apportionment  of  equal  amount,  the  tendency  will  be  to  materially  increase 
salaries  over  those  now  paid,  which  are  far  too  low  to  attract  men  or  women 
possessed  of  real  leadership.  For  the  work  outlined  under  the  county-unit 
system,  superintendents  of  ability  will  be  called  for.  The  increased  cost  will  be 
more  than  compensated  for  by  the  saving  in  money  resulting  from  the  abolition 
of  the  district  system  and  the  fees  formerly  paid  district  clerks  and  treasurers. 


1 1 6  Educational  Reorganization 

(8)  For  each  full-time  teacher  employed  in  a  secondary 
school $300. 

(9)  For  each  full-time  evening-school  teacher  employed; 
each  full-time  teacher  employed  for  half  a  year;    and  each 
half-time  teacher  employed ;  —  one-half  of  the  above  grants. 

(10)  For  each  vacation-school  teacher,  and  each  vacation- 
playground  assistant  employed,  for  each  week  of  employ- 
ment 1 $8. 

II.  Extra  school  grants.  —  To  be  paid  for  the  maintenance 
of  each  school  which  complies  with  the  requirements  for 
approval  for  such  grants,  as  fixed  by  general  rule  by  the  state 
board  of  education.2 

(1)  For  each  year  of  secondary-school  instruction,  not    less 
than  two  nor  more  than  six  in  number,3  and  meeting  the  con- 
ditions for  approval  for  such  grants,  $100  extra  for  each 
year  of  instruction  so  maintained,  in  each  secondary-school. 

(2)  For  each  course,  of  not  less  than  two  years  in  length 
and  meeting  state  conditions  for  approval,  maintained  in 
industrial  work,  household-economics,  or  agriculture,  in  ad- 
dition to  other  courses  of  instruction.4 

(a)  In  an  intermediate  school       ....        $100. 

(b)  In  a  secondary-school $125. 

1  The  purpose  here  is  to  stimulate  length  of  service,  and  also  to  permit  the 
taking  on  of  additional  assistance  during  the  busier  months. 

2  These  grants  are  in  recognition  of  the  increased  cost  of  such  schools  over 
the  typical  elementary-school,  and  have  also  been  provided  in  part  from  a 
desire  to  stimulate  the  formation  of  such  schools  and  the  addition  of  such  courses 
of  instruction. 

*  A  consolidated  school  of  less  than  three  teachers  is  likely  to  be  too  small  to 
be  of  any  real  value ;  for  all  above  six  teachers  it  was  felt  that  the  school  did  not 
need  additional  help.  This  extra  grant  will,  with  county  doubling  of  the  grant, 
practically  pay  for  the  transportation  provided,  leaving  all  other  funds  free  for 
providing  a  better  and  a  richer  course  of  instruction. 

4  This  aids  any  type  of  secondary-school,  from  the  two-year  rural  secondary- 
school,  in  connection  with  a  consolidated  school,  to  a  six-year  city  secondary- 
school,  and  directly  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  years  of  instruction  provided. 
For  definitions  as  to  what  these  terms  include,  see  Sec.  79. 


Revised  School  Code  117 

(But  one  course  to  be  approved  for  grants  in  each  of  the 
three  groups  of  subjects.) 

(3)  For  each  properly  equipped  county  school  of  agricul- 
ture, industrial  work,  and  household-economics,  of  secondary- 
school  grade,  and  providing  approved  instruction  in  these  sub- 
jects, and  not  to  exceed  one  grant  to  a  county  for  such  a 
school,  $500  for  each  year  of  instruction  maintained,  not  less 
than  two  nor  more  than  four  in  number.1    This  grant  is  to 
be  in  lieu  of  any  extra  school  grant,  under  the  provisions  of 
this  subdivision. 

(4)  For  each  city  industrial  or  trade  school  maintained, 
and  providing  approved  instruction  preparatory  for  the  in- 
dustries, vocations,  or  trades,  $400  for  each  year  of  instruc- 
tion maintained,  not  less  than  two  nor  more  than  four  in 
number.2    This  grant  is  to  be  in  lieu  of  any  extra  school  grant, 
under  the  provisions  of  this  subdivision. 

(5)  For  maintaining  an  approved  course  for  the  training  of 
teachers  for  the  rural  schools  of  the  county,  in  connection 
with  a  four-year  secondary-school  course  in  a  county  school 
of  agriculture,  industrial  work,  and  household-economics,  and 
given  in  the  fourth,  third  and  fourth,  or  graduate  year  of  such 
a  course,  an  additional  grant  of 3  .        .        .        $500. 

(6)  For  each  approved  city  normal  school  maintained  in  a 
city  school-district  of  the  first  class,  as  permitted  by  Sec.  49 
of  this  Code,  a  grant  of $1000. 

(7)  For  each  parental-home  school  maintained  by  a  city, 

1  This  grant,  in  distinction  from  the  preceding,  places  a  premium  on  the 
newer  and  most  costly  courses  of  instruction. 

1  In  recognition  of  the  still  greater  cost  for  such  instruction  in  special  schools, 
this  gives  a  still  larger  grant  to  such  schools. 

3  This  is  the  proper  place  to  train  teachers  for  the  second  grade  elementary- 
teacher's  certificate,  and  aid  for  such  high-school  teachers'  courses  is  only  given 
when  such  courses  are  in  connection  with  a  county  secondary-school  of  agri- 
culture and  domestic  science.  This  makes  a  total  state  grant  of  $3000,  which 
such  schools  may  earn,  as  against  a  total  of  $2500  for  other  type  secondary- 
schools.  This  is  in  recognition  of  their  greater  maintenance  cost. 


n8  Educational  Reorganization 

county,  or  city  and  county  school-district  combined,  an  extra 
grant  of $800. 

III.  Library  and  book  grants.  —  To  be  paid  to  counties  and 
cities  maintaining  free  public-libraries,  under  the  supervision 
of  the  educational  department,  and  under  conditions  to  be 
prescribed  by  the  state  board  of  education.1 

(1)  To  each  city  maintaining  a  free  circulating  city  library 
and  to  each  county  maintaining  a  free  circulating  county 
library,  a  grant  of  one-third  of  the  cost  of  maintenance,  up  to  a 
maximum  state  grant  of          .....         $1200. 

(2)  For  each  branch  county  library  maintained,  with  a 
full-time  librarian  in  charge      .        .        .        .        .        $250. 

(3)  For  aid  in  the  purchase  of  free  text-books,  supplemental 
books,  and  school-reference  libraries,  a  grant  of,  for  each 
class-room  teacher  employed : 2  - 

$20  for  each  elementary-school  teacher, 
$25  for  each  intermediate-school  teacher,  and 
$30  for  each  secondary-school  teacher. 

Evening-school    and   part-time    class-room    teachers    to    be 
counted  as  fractional  teachers,  for  the  time  employed. 

IV.  Consolidated-school    grants.  —  For    each   consolidated- 
school  maintained,  an  extra   and  additional  grant  of   $150 
for  each  teacher  employed  therein,  not  less  than  three  nor 
more  than  six  in  number. 

V.  Attendance    grants.  — 3  The    remainder    of    the    state 

1  The  state  and  county  library  system  now  becoming  a  part  of  the  educational 
system,  as  well  as  the  state  museum,  special  aid  is  now  granted  for  the  county 
library  system  and  the  branch  county  libraries.     As  some  of  the  city  libraries 
of  the  state  are  also  a  branch  of  the  school  department  of  the  city,  all  city  li- 
braries have  been  included  in  the  grant,  but  not  branch  city  libraries. 

2  The  grants  under  i  and  2  above  are  for  the  maintenance  and  extension  of 
the  public  library  system,  while  the  grants  under  this  subdivision  are  to  aid  the 
schools  in  providing  free  text-books  and  special-reference  libraries. 

3  This  will  be  the  remnant  of  the  $20  per-pupil  tax,  after  making  all  of  the 
above  grants.     Calculations  made  indicate  that  the  amount  will  be  about  $3 
per  pupil. 


Revised  School  Code  119 

school-tax,  after  the  above  specific  grants  have  been  set 
aside,  and  after  the  building  subsidy  directed  by  Sec.  133 
of  this  Code  shall  have  been  set  aside,  shall  be  apportioned 
to  the  different  counties  in  this  state  in  proportion  to  the 
number  of  pupils  who  have  been  in  average  daily  attend- 
ance in  the  public  schools  of  each  during  the  preceding 
year. 

In  making  the  December  apportionment  to  the  different 
counties,  all  of  the  above  grants  shall  be  made  in  approxi- 
mately such  proportion  to  the  whole  grant  as  the  sum  then 
to  be  apportioned  shall  bear  to  the  whole  sum  to  be  received 
and  apportioned,  the  full  amount  of  all  grants  being  completed 
in  the  May  apportionment.1 

Sec.  114.  Division  of  the  state  apportionment.  —  On  re- 
ceipt of  each  state  apportionment  by  the  county  treasurer  he 
shall  at  once  notify  the  county  superintendent  of  education,  who 
shall  immediately  direct  the  division  of  each  between  the  dif- 
ferent city  school-districts  of  the  county  and  the  county  school- 
district,  as  follows :  — 

(1)  All  teacher  grants  shall  be  apportioned  to  the  school 
district  in  which  the  teacher,  on  whom  the  grant  was  made, 
was  employed. 

(2)  Ah1  extra  school,  library,  book,  and  consolidated-school 
grants  shall  be  apportioned  to  the  school-district  maintaining 
the  school,  library,  or  consolidated  school,  or  employing  the 
teachers  on  whom  the  book  grants  were  made,  and,  in  the 
case  of  a  school  or  library  maintained  by  two  or  more  school- 
districts,  the  grant  shall  be  divided  in  proportion  to  the  rela- 
tive support  given  it  by  each. 

(3)  All  attendance  grants  shall  be  divided  among  the  city 
and  county  school-districts  in  proportion  to  the  number  of 

1  The  object  of  this  is  to  provide  some  state  and  some  county  attendance 
money,  which  can  be  used  for  other  purposes  than  can  the  grants  made  under 
the  provisions  of  I  and  II.  (See  Sec.  118.) 


I2O  Educational  Reorganization 

pupils  accredited  as  having  been  in  average  daily  attendance 
in  the  public  schools  in  each.1 

Sec.  115.  Apportionment  of  the  county  school-tax.  — 
The  proceeds  of  the  county  school-tax  shall  be  apportioned 
among  the  different  city  school-districts  of  the  county  and 
the  county  school-district,  according  to  the  same  method 
provided  for  the  apportionment  of  the  state  school-tax  to  the 
different  counties,  by  Sec.  114  of  this  Code. 

Sec.  116.  Apportionment  of  state  school-fund  income.  — 
The  income  from  the  permanent  state  school  fund,  desig- 
nated by  Sec.  1 1 1  as  a  state  reserve-fund,  shall  be  apportioned 
each  year  in  May,  and  according  to  the  following  plan :  — 

(i)  The  fund  shall  be  used,  first,  to  increase  the  residue  of 
the  county  school-tax,  left  for  apportionment  on  the  basis  of 
average  daily  attendance  (V),  in  those  counties  where  the 
residue  of  the  county  school-tax  equals  a  smaller  per  capita 
sum  than  that  received  from  the  similar  residue  of  the  state 
school-tax,  and  in  such  a  manner  as  to  level  up,  as  far  as  can 
be  done,  all  such  county  attendance-grants,  beginning  with 
the  lowest,  to  the  level  of  the  per  capita  attendance-grant 
made  to  each  county  by  the  state ; 2  provided,  however,  that 
if  any  county  shall  fail  or  refuse  to  provide  for  the  county 
educational  reorganization,  as  directed  by  Art.  6  of  this 
Code,  it  shall  be  subject  to  the  penalties  provided  for  by  Sec. 
31  of  this  Code.3 

1  This  form  of  division  divides  the  grants  between  the  cities  and  counties 
as  earned.    The  specific  grants  are  not  for  the  salaries  of  specific  teachers,  but  go 
into  the  general  maintenance-fund,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  Sec.  118. 

2  Under  the  new  plan  of  county  educational  reorganization,  provided  for  in 
Art.  6,  this  will  work  out  well.     All  counties  will  not  be  able  to  reorganize  as 
economically  as  others,  and  some  counties  will  also  employ  relatively  more 
teachers  (that  is,  will  do  more  for  their  children)  than  will  others.     In  either 
case  the  amount  left  for  the  average-daily-attendance  grants  will  be  less,  and 
the  state  now  proposes  to  level  up  such  counties  as  a  return  for  the  greater  edu- 
cational efforts  made  by  them. 

3  Such  counties  do  not  deserve  any  additional  aid. 


Revised  School  Code  121 

(2)  After  all  counties  have  had  their  county  per  capita 
average-daily-attendance  grants  made  equal  to  the  state 
per  capita  average-daily-attendance  grants,  any  remaining 
state  school-fund-income  may  be  used  by  the  state  board  of 
education  to  further  increase  the  average-daily-attendance 
grants  of  such  individual  county  or  city  school-districts  as 
may,  in  the  judgment  of  the  state  board  of  education,  be 
temporarily  or  permanently  in  need  of  extra  assistance  from 
the  funds  of  the  state.1 

Sec.  117.  County  treasurer  treasurer  for  all  school-dis- 
tricts. —  Each  district  shall  be  notified  at  once  of  the  amounts 
so  apportioned  to  it,  and  the  secretary  2  of  the  county  board 
of  education  and  the  county  treasurer  shall  each  place  all 
such  sums  to  the  credit  of  the  district  to  which  they  belong, 
but  all  such  sums,  as  well  as  all  district  and  subdistrict  taxes 
levied  and  collected,  shall  remain  with  the  county  treasurer, 
to  be  paid  out  by  him  on  a  proper  warrant,  drawn  by  the 
proper  district  school  authorities,  and  approved  for  payment 
by  the  secretary  of  the  county  board  of  education. 

Sec.  1 1 8.  Use  of  funds.  —  All  school  moneys  received  from 
state  sources,  as  well  as  all  moneys  received  from  the  proceeds 
of  the  county  school-tax,  must  be  apportioned  to  the  school- 
maintenance  fund,  and  must  be  used  only  for  the  purposes 
specified  in  Sec.  106,  subdiv.  i,  a.  An  amount  equivalent  to 
the  state  and  county  teacher-grants  (I),  the  state  and  county 
school-grants  (II),  and  the  state  attendance-grants  (V) 
combined,  must  be  used  only  for  the  salaries  of  teachers  and 
school  officers,  until  after  the  minimum  term  of  school  al- 
lowed by  law  has  been  maintained  by  the  district  in  all  of  its 

1  Fire,  flood,  or  pestilence  are  temporary  conditions  which  may  necessitate 
temporary  extra  aid,  while  lower  valuations,  due  to  the  absence  of  real  wealth, 
as  in  some  of  the  southern  counties  of  this  state,  may  be  permanent  conditions 
necessitating  extra  aid. 

1  The  secretary  must  also  know,  as  he  keeps  a  set  of  books  for  each  district, 
and  approves  all  warrants  for  payment. 


122  Educational  Reorganization 

schools ;  the  library  grants,  as  well  as  any  district  tax  levied 
for  library  purposes,  must  be  used  for  the  purposes  for  which 
they  were  granted  or  levied;  while  the  county  attendance- 
grants  may  be  used  for  any  expense  coming  under  the  head  of 
operation  and  maintenance.  After  the  minimum  term  re- 
quired by  law  has  been  maintained,  any  balance  in  the  school 
maintenance-fund,  equal  to  not  over  twenty-five  per  cent  of 
the  income  from  the  county  school-tax,  may  be  transferred 
to  the  building-fund,  if  so  desired,  and  may  then  be  used  for 
any  purpose  enumerated  in  Sec.  106,  subdiv.  i,  &.1 

District  and  attendance-subdistrict  taxes  levied  for  the 
further  support  of  schools  shall  be  apportioned  to  the  fund 
for  which  such  taxes  were  levied,  but  the  proceeds  of  sub- 
district  taxes  may  be  transferred  from  one  fund  to  the  other 
by  vote  of  the  board  of  directors  for  the  subdistrict  concerned, 
if  the  county  board  of  education  consents.2 

Sec.  119.  County  treasurer  may  anticipate  revenue.  — 
Whenever  in  any  school  year,  prior  to  the  receipt  of  the  state 
and  county  school-moneys,  any  school  district  in  a  county 
shall  not  have  sufficient  money  to  its  credit  to  pay  the  lawful 
demands  against  it,  the  county  superintendent  of  education 
shall  give  to  the  county  treasurer,  in  writing,  an  estimate  of 
the  amount  of  state  and  county  school-money  which  will 
be  apportioned  to  each  fund  for  such  district  during  the  year. 
Upon  the  receipt  of  such  estimate,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
county  treasurer  to  transfer,  from  any  fund  not  immediately 
needed  to  pay  claims  against  it,  and  to  the  proper  fund,  an 
amount  not  to  exceed  ninety  per  cent  of  the  amount  estimated 
by  the  county  superintendent,  and  immediately  notify  the 

1  The  purpose  of  this  is  to  prevent  any  district,  county  or  city,  from  cutting 
down  unduly  the  expenses  for  salaries  and  maintenance  to  accumulate  money 
for  the  building-fund,  which  ought  to  be  provided  for  as  a  separate  item. 

2  These  being  strictly  local  and  extra  funds,  this  provision  was  felt  to  be 
both  wise  and  safe. 


Revised  School  Code  123 

county  superintendent  of  such  transfer.  The  funds  so  trans- 
ferred to  the  school-fund  shall  be  retransferred  by  the  county 
treasurer  to  the  fund  from  which  they  were  taken,  from  the 
first  money  paid  into  the  school-fund  after  the  transfer.1 

Sec.  120.  Basis  of  state  apportionment.  —  All  apportion- 
ments from  the  income  from  the  state  school-fund  or  the 
proceeds  of  the  state  school-tax  shall  be  made  to  the  different 
school  districts,  county  and  city,  on  the  basis  of  their  having 
made  the  returns  as  to  their  schools  required  by  law,  having 
enforced  the  educational  laws  and  the  rules  and  regulations 
of  the  state  board  of  education,  made  in  harmony  with  law, 
and  having  maintained  their  schools  as  required  by  the  school 
laws  of  this  state.  Should  any  school  district,  county  or 
city,  fail  to  do  these  things,  the  commissioner  of  education 
may  suspend,  or  order  suspended,  the  apportionment  of  state 
funds  to  which  such  district  may  be  or  may  have  been  other- 
wise entitled,  and  must  then  order  a  hearing.  If  convinced 
that  the  district  has  been  negligent  or  wilfully  disobedient, 
or  that  their  failure  to  properly  maintain  the  school  or  schools 
was  not  due  to  conditions  over  which  they  had  no  control, 
such  as  fire,  flood,  or  pestilence,  he  shall  impose  a  fine  of  not 
less  than  five  per  cent  of  the  state  apportionment  made  to 
such  district  during  the  year  in  question,  and  may,  if  condi- 
tions warrant,  withhold  the  apportionment  entirely.  If  the 
funds  have  been  wrongfully  used,  he  shall  order  their  resti- 
tution, and  shall  withhold  a  sufficient  amount  of  the  state 
apportionment  to  which  the  district  might  otherwise  be  en- 
titled for  the  succeeding  year  to  cover  such  restitution,  and, 
in  case  the  restitution  is  not  made  within  one  year,  he  shall 

1  This  provision  is  a  very  desirable  one,  and  will  save  money.  In  the  past 
teachers  have  been  compelled  to  discount  their  salaries,  because  there  were 
often  no  funds  available  for  months,  and  many  of  our  cities  have  been  paying 
their  teachers  the  cost  of  the  discount,  as  an  extra.  At  the  same  time  the  dif- 
ferent county  treasurers  have  had  on  hand  tens  of  thousands  of  dollars  in  cash, 
for  which  there  would  be  no  call  for  months. 


124  Educational  Reorganization 

declare  the  withheld  portion  forfeited.  All  fines  and  forfeited 
apportionments  incurred  under  the  provisions  of  this  section 
shall  be  transferred  to  the  custody  of  the  state  board  of  edu- 
cation, and  shall  be  added,  by  them,  to  the  principal  of  the 
permanent  state  school-fund.1 

1  In  the  past  there  have  been  no  fines,  and  forfeitures  have  merely  reverted 
to  the  general  fund  for  reapportionment  the  succeeding  year.  It  seemed  to  the 
commission  that  these  items,  which  come  from  no  one  but  the  offending  district, 
should  go  to  increase  the  principal  of  the  permanent  school-fund  of  the  state, 
and  should  draw  interest  forever  for  the  reserve  fund. 


TITLE     IV.     ENVIRONMENT     AND     EQUIPMENT 

CHAPTER  IX.    SCHOOL  BUILDINGS 

ARTICLE  22.    PROVISION  OF  SCHOOLS  REQUIRED 

Sec.  121.  Suitable  accommodations  required. — Each  school 
district  in  the  state  must  provide  suitable  school  facilities  and 
accommodations  for  all  children  of  school  age,  as  denned  in 
Sec.  63,  residing  within  the  district  and  desiring  to  attend  the 
public  schools  therein.  Such  facilities  and  accommodations 
shall  include  proper  school  buildings,  together  with  suitable 
furniture  and  equipment,  and  located  so  as  to  be  reasonably 
convenient  of  access ;  a  sufficient  number  of  properly  quali- 
fied teachers ;  and  courses  of  study  suited  to  the  ages,  attain- 
ments, and  needs  of  all  pupils  between  the  ages  of  six  and 
eighteen.1 

Sec.  122.  Penalty  for  failure  to  provide  such.  —  If  any 
school  district  shall  fail  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  Sec. 
121,  any  five  citizens,  for  whose  children  suitable  and  reason- 
able school  facilities  and  accommodations  have  not  been  pro- 
vided, may  file  a  formal  complaint  with  the  county  board  of 
education,  and  may  appeal  from  their  decision  to  the  state 
commissioner  of  education,  as  provided  for  in  Sec.  75.  On 
receipt  of  such  complaint  the  county  board  of  education  shall 

1  This  means  that  every  city  and  every  county  must  provide  secondary- 
school  facilities  for  its  children.  It  is  not  expected  that  secondary-schools  will 
be  maintained  in  all  attendance-subdistricts,  even  of  the  first  class,  but  in 
most  first-class  attendance-subdistricts  two-year  secondary-schools  will  be 
maintained,  and  at  one  or  more  places  in  the  county  a  full  four-year  secondary- 
school  must  be  maintained.  This  does  not  mean  that  the  same  kind  of  a 
secondary-school  must  be  provided  for  negroes  as  for  whites,  as  the  instruction 
may  be  made  to  meet  the  needs  of  each  race,  and  hence  may  be  different. 

125 


126  Educational  Reorganization 

grant  a  hearing,  or  order  an  investigation,  and,  in  case  their 
decision  is  appealed  from  to  the  state  commissioner  of  education 
and  he  sustains  the  complaint,  after  giving  due  consideration 
to  all  modifying  conditions  which  may  limit  the  necessity  or 
the  power  of  the  school  district  to  make  such  provision,  he 
may  direct  the  school  district  concerned  to  make  suitable 
and  reasonable  provisions  *  and  may  make  such  orders  and 
impose  such  penalties,  to  secure  compliance,  as  are  provided 
for  in  Sec.  76. 

Sec.  123.  Use  of  school  buildings.  —  The  board  of  educa- 
tion for  any  school-district,  or  the  director  or  board  of  directors 
for  any  attendance-subdistrict,  acting  under  general  regula- 
tions to  be  framed  by  county  boards  of  education,  may  per- 
mit the  use  of  any  school  building,  at  times  when  the  same 
is  not  in  use  for  school  purposes,  for  any  purpose  of  an  educa- 
tional nature,  or  for  public  meetings,  provided  such  use  does 
not  involve  the  removal  of  permanent  furniture,  and  pro- 
vided proper  guarantees  are  given  as  to  the  care  of  the  school 
property.2  The  use  of  school  buildings  as  community  centers 
is  to  be  encouraged  by  boards  having  control  of  school 
property. 

ARTICLE  23.    PLANS  FOR  SCHOOL  BUILDINGS 

Sec.  124.  State  may  provide  plans.  —  Any  school-dis- 
trict may,  after  the  organization  of  the  division  of  school- 
house  construction  and  sanitation,  under  the  state  depart- 
ment of  education,  obtain  from  such  department,  as  a  loan 
and  free  of  charge,  detailed  plans  and  specifications  for  the 

1  This  gives  the  state  commissioner  large  discretion  as  to  what  are  suitable 
and  reasonable  provisions.     Such  would  obviously  be  very  different  for  ele- 
mentary from  that  required  for  secondary-school  instruction. 

2  This  opens  the  way  for  making  the  schools  neighborhood  centers,  and  Sec. 
132,  further  on,   provides  for  state  aid  only  for  such  new  buildings  as  are 
properly  arranged  for  such  use. 


Revised  School  Code  127 

erection  of  school  buildings  or  library  buildings  of  a  size  and 
kind  suited  to  the  needs  of  the  district.1 

Sec.  125.  Approval  of  plans.  —  One  set  of  all  plans  and 
specifications  for  the  erection  of  new  school  buildings,  except 
in  cities  of  the  first  class  employing  a  school  architect,  shall 
be  submitted  to  the  state  department  of  education  for  ap- 
proval, before  contracts  for  the  same  may  be  legally  signed. 
All  plans  and  specifications  submitted  under  this  provision 
shall  be  examined  by  the  state  department  of  education,  as 
promptly  as  possible,  to  ascertain  if  the  building  will  be  struc- 
turally sound,  and  if  in  the  details  of  size  of  classrooms,  light- 
ing and  heating  arrangements,  ventilation,  swing  of  doors, 
hallways,  staircases,  cloakroom  and  toilet  facilities,  and 
sanitary  appliances,  it  complies  with  the  general  regulations 
for  the  sanitary  inspection  and  approval  of  school  buildings 
of  such  a  class,  as  formulated  and  approved  by  the  state  board 
of  education  and  the  state  board  of  health.2  If  approved, 
the  district  shall  be  notified,  and  the  set  of  the  plans  and 
specifications  shall  be  retained  by  the  state  department ;  if 
disapproved,  the  same  shall  be  returned,  with  a  statement  in 
writing  as  to  what  changes  should  be  made  to  make  the 
same  conform  to  state  regulations.  All  plans  for  the  altera- 
tion and  repair  of  old  buildings  within  any  district  must  be 
approved  by  the  city  or  county  superintendent  of  education 
concerned. 

Sec.  126.  Plumbing  facilities ;  outbuildings.  —  Each 
school  building  shall  be  supplied  with  good  drinking  water 
and  some  form  of  approved  sanitary  drinking-appliance ;  and 
all  school  buildings  in  city  school-districts,  except  portables, 
and  all  new  consolidated-schools  in  county  school-districts, 

1  Plans  and  specifications  drawn  by  any  one  may  be  used,  the  state  only 
offering  plans  free  to  those  districts  desiring  to  use  them. 

1  State  approval  of  plans  is  here  limited  to  fundamental  features,  and  does 
not  include  architecture  or  arrangement  of  rooms. 


128  Educational  Reorganization 

must  be  supplied  with  running  water,  sanitary  drinking- 
fountains,  and  separate  water-closets  and  urinals  for  the  two 
sexes,  with  proper  ventilating  and  plumbing  attachments  and 
separate  entrances. 

In  all  cases  where  subdistrict  schools  or  city  portables 
are  not  so  supplied,  two  suitable  and  convenient  water-closets 
or  privies  for  each  school  must  be  provided,  which  shall  be 
entirely  separate  each  from  the  other,  with  separate  means 
of  access,  and  approaches  thereto  separated  by  a  substantial 
close  fence,  not  less  than  seven  feet  in  height. 

Sec.  127.  Sanitary  surveys;  condemnation  of  buildings. 
-  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  state  department  of  education, 
acting  through  the  division  of  schoolhouse  construction  and 
sanitation,  to  cooperate  with  county  and  city  school-districts 
in  making  sanitary  surveys  of  existing  school  buildings,  and 
to  advise  communities  as  to  the  types  of  buildings  best  suited 
to  their  particular  needs.  Such  sanitary  surveys  may  also  be 
made  independently,  by  direction  of  the  commissioner  of 
education.  Acting  on  the  reports  made  as  a  result  of  such 
surveys,  the  commissioner  of  education  may  order  that  exist- 
ing buildings  be  made  to  conform,  within  a  reasonable  time, 
to  the  rules  and  regulations  adopted  by  the  state  board  of 
education  relating  to  toilet  facilities,  fire  protection,  and  sani- 
tary conditions.1  He  may  also,  if  conditions  seem  to  warrant 
such  action,  order  any  district  to  show  cause  why  he  should 
not  condemn  an  existing  structure,  and,  after  such  showing, 
may  condemn  such  and  forbid  its  further  use  for  school  pur- 
poses,2 if  convinced  that  it  is  so  unsanitary  as  to  be  unfit 
for  use,  and  that  the  district  can  afford  to  provide  a  better 
structure. 

1  The  power  of  the  state  commissioner  to  order  changes  is  here  limited  to  a 
very  few  fundamental  requirements. 

2  The  power  to  condemn  unfit  buildings,  while  desirable,  will  naturally  be 
used  but  seldom,  and  a  hearing  is  to  be  given  before  the  order  is  issued. 


Revised  School  Code  129 

ARTICLE  24.    ERECTION  OF  BUILDINGS;  BONDING 

Sec.  128.  Letting  of  contracts.  —  Before  any  new  school 
building  can  be  contracted  for  the  money  for  its  erection  must 
have  been  voted,  the  necessary  tax  levied  or  the  sale  of  the 
bonds  arranged  for,  the  plans  and  specifications  approved  by 
the  state  department  of  education,  and  the  contract  must  be 
let  after  advertising  and  the  receipt  of  sealed  bids,  as  pro- 
vided elsewhere  in  the  laws  of  this  state  for  bids  on  public 
work.  Each  county  or  city  board  of  education  shall  have 
charge  of  the  letting  of  contracts  and  the  supervision  of  con- 
struction for  schools  within  their  respective  districts.  All 
contractors  shall  give  satisfactory  bonds  to  the  board  for  the 
faithful  performance  of  their  contracts. 

Sec.  129.  Building  by  tax  or  by  bonding.  —  The  school 
authorities  of  any  district  may  vote  to  levy  a  building  tax, 
of  not  over  four  mills  in  any  one  year,  for  the  purchase  of 
school  sites,  the  erection  and  repair  of  school  buildings,  or  the 
purchase  of  furniture  and  equipment  for  buildings  within  the 
district ;  or,  if  they  deem  best,  they  may  vote  to  submit  to 
the  voters  of  the  district,  at  the  annual  June  school  election, 
or  at  a  special  election  called  for  the  purpose,  the  question  of 
levying  a  higher  building- tax,  up  to  six  mills,1  or, of  bonding 
the  school  district  to  procure  the  necessary  funds  for  purchas- 
ing school  sites  or  erecting  new  school  buildings. 

Sec.  130.  School-district  bonds.  —  Any  school  district 
may  vote  to  borrow  money  and  issue  negotiable  coupon  bonds, 
up  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  five  per  cent  of  the  taxable 
property  of  the  school  district,  as  shown  by  the  last  assess- 

1  Many  districts  have  in  the  past  preferred  a  heavy  tax  for  one  year  to  bond- 
ing, and  it  is  desirable  that  this  be  encouraged.  After  the  reorganizations  re- 
quired to  meet  the  demands  of  the  county-reorganization  law  (Art.  6),  during 
which  time  building  expenses  will  naturally  be  heavy,  practically  all  county 
school-districts  can  provide  for  all  except  major  needs  from  the  proceeds  of  a 
tax,  and  escape  further  bonding. 

K 


130  Educational  Reorganization 

ment  roll  for  county  purposes  made  previous  to  the  school 
election  at  which  the  matter  is  put  to  vote,  for  the  purpose 
of  refunding  outstanding  indebtedness,  or  bonds  heretofore 
issued,  or  for  the  purchase  of  a  schoolhouse  site  or  sites,  or 
building  one  or  more  schoolhouses  and  providing  the  same 
with  all  necessary  furniture,  apparatus,  or  equipment,  or  for 
any  or  all  of  these  purposes;  provided,  that  all  bonds  here- 
after issued  for  such  purposes  shall  bear  a  rate  of  interest  not 
to  exceed  six  per  cent  per  annum,  payable  semiannually, 
that  the  bonds  shall  be  in  denominations  of  not  less  than  $100 
nor  more  than  $1000,  that  they  shall  not  run  for  a  longer 
period  than  thirty  years,  and  that  the  bonds  must  be  redeemed, 
serially,  beginning  not  more  than  five  years  from  the  date  of 
issue,  and  continuing  each  year  until  all  have  been  redeemed ; 1 
and  provided  further,  that  no  bonds  can  be  issued  except  by  a 
two-thirds  vote  of  those  voting  on  the  question  at  such  elec- 
tion, which  must  have  been  called  and  held  in  the  manner 
prescribed  in  Art.  8  of  this  Code. 

Sec.  131.  Sale  and  redemption  of  bonds.  — All  bonds 
when  properly  voted,  must  be  prepared  under  direction  of  the 
school  board  for  the  district  voting  them,  and  in  conformity 
with  the  regulations  for  county  bonds,  be  signed  by  the  proper 
school  officers,  and  sold  by  the  county  treasurer,  as  provided 
by  law  for  the  preparation,  advertisement,  and  sale  of  county 
bonds,  and  the  proceeds  of  such  sale  shall  be  placed  in  the 
county  treasury  to  the  credit  of  the  school-district  issuing 
the  same;  and  thereafter  the  county  board  of  supervisors, 

1  This  is  to  insure  redemption  and  a  gradual  discharge  of  the  indebtedness, 
and  eliminates  all  bother  as  to  the  collection  and  care  of  sinking  funds,  as  well 
as  the  danger  of  the  diverting  of  the  sinking  fund  for  other  purposes,  while 
bonds  to  be  retired  serially  can  usually  be  sold  at  a  slightly  better  price.  The 
need  of  refunding  the  bonds,  at  maturity,  will  never  occur  under  this  provision. 
After  the  bonds  are  voted  and  sold,  the  tax  for  interest  and  redemption  is  levied 
and  collected  and  the  payments  made  without  any  action  by  the  board  of  edu- 
cation. 


Revised  School  Code  131 

at  the  time  of  levying  the  county  taxes,  shall  levy  a  tax  on  all 
the  property  in  the  district  voting  the  bonds  of  an  amount 
sufficient  to  meet  the  interest  and  serial  repayments  on  said 
bonds,  and  the  county  treasurer  shall  see  that  such  payments 
are  made  as  they  become  due  and  are  presented  for  payment. 

Sec.  132.  Acquirement,  sale,  and  title  to  school  property. 
-  The  school  authorities  for  each  school  district  shall  hold 
the  title  to  all  school  property  within  the  district ;  may  pur- 
chase and  sell  school  sites  and  buildings,  as  the  needs  of  the 
school-district  seem  to  indicate  as  wise ;  and  in  the  acquire- 
ment of  school  property  shall  have  the  right  to  acquire  prop- 
erty needed  for  school  purposes,  under  the  laws  of  eminent 
domain,  and  as  provided  elsewhere  in  the  laws  of  this  state 
for  the  condemnation  of  property  for  state  purposes. 

Sec.  133.  State  aid  for  consolidated  buildings.  —  To 
assist  county  school-districts  better  to  effect  the  educational 
reorganization  required  by  Art.  6  of  this  Code,  the  state  board 
of  education  may  grant  to  any  county  school-district,  for  a 
period  of  five  years  from  the  first  day  of  July,  1915,  an  amount 
equal  to  ten  per  cent  of  the  actual  cost  of  erecting  any  consoli- 
dated school  building  in  the  county  school-district,  not  in- 
cluding the  cost  of  the  site,  or  furniture,  and  not  to  exceed  a 
state  grant  of  over  $2000  for  any  one  building;  provided 
that  the  same  is  located  according  to  an  approved  plan  for 
county  educational  reorganization,  as  provided  for  in  Sec. 
30  of  this  Code ;  and,  provided  further,  that  the  same  shall 
have  been  erected  according  to  plans  approved  by  the  state 
department  of  education,  conforms  to  the  state  requirements 
as  to  a  community-center  school  building,  and  contains  at 
least  three  schoolrooms,  a  laboratory,  an  assembly  room,  a 
room  in  which  a  branch  county  library  may  be  installed,  and 
proper  sanitary  appliances,  and  has  a  site  of  at  least  five  acres 
of  land.  For  this  purpose,  as  well  as  for  the  purpose  of  the 
aid  provided  for  in  the  following  section,  the  state  board  of 


132  Educational  Reorganization 

education  shall  first  cause  to  be  set  aside,  from  the  proceeds 
of  the  state  school-tax  provided  for  by  Sec.  101  of  this  Code, 
a  sum  of  one  million  dollars  a  year  for  four  years,  beginning 
July  i,  1914.  Any  balances  on  hand  at  the  close  of  any  year 
are  to  be  carried  over  to  the  following  year,  and  any  residue 
of  this  fund  of  four  millions  of  dollars,  not  so  used  for  building 
subsidies  by  July  i  ,  1920,  shall  be  then  added  to  the  prin- 
cipal of  the  permanent  state  school-fund  by  the  state  board  of 
education.1 

Sec.  134.  State  aid  for  county  schools  of  agriculture.  — 
To  aid  county  school-districts  to  establish  and  maintain 
county  schools  of  agriculture,  household-economics,  and  in- 
dustrial work,  of  secondary  grade,  the  state  board  of  education 
may  grant  to  any  county  school-district  an  amount  equal 
to  ten  per  cent  of  the  actual  cost  for  the  site  and  the  erection 
of  buildings  for  one  such  county  school,  up  to  a  maximum 
grant  of  $4000 ;  provided,  the  same  has  been  built  according 
to  plans  approved  by  the  state  department  of  education,  has 
a  suitable  site  of  at  least  thirty  acres  of  land,  and  is  provided 
with  proper  equipment  for  the  necessary  instruction  and 
demonstration  which  such  a  school  should  offer.2 

1  Ordinarily  school  buildings  will  be  paid  for  by  the  districts  building  them, 
but  in  recognition  of  the  initial  cost  of  the  county  educational-reorganization 
required  by  Art.  6  of  Chap.  II,  and  also  with  the  increased  educational  efficiency 
which  will  result  considered,  a  state  grant  of  $2,000,000  is  here  made,  during 
a  five-year  period  beginning  a  year  hence,  in  part  to  assist  county  school-dis- 
tricts in  carrying  the  new  burden,  and  in  part  to  help  pay  for  the  extra  educa- 
tional facilities  required  to  be  put  into  these  new  buildings  to  make  of  them 
community-center  schools.    The  state  board  would  naturally  make  rules  and 
regulations  for  determining  the  actual  cost  of  school  buildings.     It  has  been 
estimated  that  this  grant  will  secure  the  erection  of  1400  to  1500  community- 
center  schools  in  the  different  counties  in  this  state. 

2  The  state  aid  granted  for  this  type  of  school  building  is  partly  in  recognition 
of  the  large  initial  cost  for  such  a  school,  and  partly  to  stimulate  their  establish- 
ment by  the  counties.     As  the  site  will  be  a  large  item  in  the  cost  of  establishing 
such  a  school,  the  cost  for  this  may  be  included  here,  while  not  included  in  de- 
termining the  cost  of  the  consolidated  school. 


Revised  School  Code  133 

ARTICLE  25.    CARE  OF  BUILDINGS 

Sec.  135.  Janitors'  certificates.  —  School-district  author- 
ities shall  keep  the  school  and  other  buildings  under  their  care 
and- control  in  good  sanitary  condition,  and  have  the  same  prop- 
erly heated  and  ventilated.  The  state  department  of  educa- 
tion shall  arrange,  within  two  years  from  the  date  this  Code 
takes  effect,  for  the  institution  of  semiannual  examinations 
for  school-janitors'  certificates,  and,  after  three  years  from 
the  date  this  Code  takes  effect,  only  certified  janitors  shall 
be  employed  in  any  city  school-district  of  the  first  class,  and 
after  five  years  the  same  shall  apply  to  all  city  school-districts 
of  the  second  class. 

Sec.  136.  Insurance  of  school  buildings.  —  Each  school- 
district  may  insure  all  of  the  school  and  library  property 
under  its  control,  for  such  percentage  of  its  reasonable  cash 
value  as  the  board  of  education  for  such  may  determine ;  and, 
as  soon  as  may  be,  the  state  department  of  education  shall 
proceed  to  arrange  with  the  different  fire-insurance  companies, 
conforming  to  the  laws  of  this  state  and  the  local  fire  ordi- 
nances, whereby  a  blanket-form  of  fire-insurance  policy  may 
be  issued,  at  reasonable  rates,  to  the  board  of  education  for 
any  school-district,  to  cover  all  school  and  library  property  of 
the  district,  and  under  which  each  approved  and  accepted 
company  shall  share  in  any  fire  losses  which  may  occur  on 
any  insured  property  in  the  district,  and  in  proportion  to  the 
amount  the  insurance  granted  such  company  bears  to  the 
total  amount  placed  on  all  property  within  the  district.  The 
schedule  shall  also  be  so  arranged  for  each  district  that  one- 
third  of  the  policy  shall  expire  each  year,  so  that  the  insur- 
ance premiums  will  be  distributed  as  a  regular  annual  charge 
on  the  districts.1 

1  A  few  cities  have  been  able  to  arrange  for  this  blanket-form  of  fire  insurance, 
and  at  lower  rates,  and  the  purpose  now  is  to  arrange  for  such  for  all  city  and 
county  districts. 


CHAPTER  X.  HEALTH  AND  SANITARY  CONTROL 

ARTICLE  26.    HEALTH  INSPECTIONS,  AND  PURPOSE 

Sec.  137.  Health  supervision  and  instruction  required.  - 
The  governing  school  authorities  for  each  school-district  in 
this  state  shall,  within  three  years  from  the  first  day  of  July 
following  the  taking  effect  of  this  Revised  School  Code,  make 
adequate  provision  for  the  physical  examination  of  school 
children,  and  for  health  supervision  and  instruction  in  the 
schools.  For  this  purpose  each  city  and  each  county  school- 
district  in  this  state,1  either  separately  or  in  combination,  shall 
appoint  such  a  number  of  health-officers  and  school-nurses, 
and  fix  their  compensation,  as  the  needs  of  the  district  may 
seem  to  require.2  Whenever  practicable,  the  examining  staff 
for  health  supervision  shall  consist  of  both  educators  and 
physicians.3 

Sec.  138.  State  certification  required.  —  Each  school 
health-officer  shall  hold  a  state  certificate,  to  be  issued  by 
the  state  department  of  education,  authorizing  such  person 
to  act  as  a  school  health-officer  in  this  state.  The  require- 
ments for  such  a  certificate  shall  be :  — 

1  This  merely  applies  to  the  smaller  cities  and  county  school-districts  what 
has  already  become  an  established  practice  in  the  larger  cities  of  this  state. 

2  This  leaves  the  way  open  for  any  combinations  found  desirable.     A  county 
and  a  city  school-district  could  combine  and  employ  one  health-officer,  or  a 
county  could  employ  one  for  the  county  work  alone.    A  large  city,  also,  could 
employ  quite  a  staff  of  health-officers  and  nurses.    The  state  here  merely  re- 
quires each  city  and  county  to  provide  such  supervision,  within  three  years, 
leaving  the  extent  of  the  future  development  to  each  community. 

$  This  differentiation  is  very  desirable.  Neither  physicians  nor  schoolmen 
alone  will  do  the  best  work;  a  combination  of  the  two  will  render  the  best 
service. 

134 


Revised  School  Code  135 

(1)  For  physicians,  the  possession  of  a  state  certificate  to 
practice  medicine  and  surgery  in  this  state. 

(2)  For    educators,    a    first-grade    supervisory-certificate, 
as  provided  for  in  Sec.  192  of  this  Code,  together  with  the 
presentation  of  satisfactory  evidence  that  the  person  has 
made  special  professional  preparation  for  and  is  competent 
to  conduct  such  work.1 

All  nurses  must  be  graduates  of  a  reputable  training  school 
for  nurses,  and  must  hold  a  certificate  of  qualification  known 
as  a  registered  nurse. 

Sec.  139.  Purposes  of  the  work.  —  The  purposes  of  the 
work  shall  be  both  correctional  and  preventative.2  Examina- 
tions shall  be  made  as  often  as  the  governing  school  board  for 
the  district  may  direct,  though  not  less  often  than  semi- 
annually.  Parents  or  guardians  may  be  present  at  the  exami- 
nations, if  they  so  desire.  The  work  shall  include  the  fol- 
lowing :  — 

(1)  The  detection  and  segregation  of  disease  in  pupils, 
teachers,  janitors,  and  other  school  employees.3 

(2)  An  examination  for  defects  of  the  eye,  ear,  nose,  and 
throat,  and  such  other  physical  defects  as  may  appear  to  be 
present.     A  report  concerning  all  pupils  in  need  of  medical 
or  surgical  attention  shall  be  made  to  the  teacher,  or  other 
designated  person,  and  through  such  to  the  parents  or  guar- 
dians. 

(3)  A  follow-up  system  for  all  cases  coming  under  one  and 
two,  by  means  of  the  school-nurse. 

(4)  To  secure,  by  physical  examination  and  the  suggestion 
of  lines  of  treatment,  the  correction  of  those  developmental 

1  This  will  limit  the  educators  in  the  work  to  the  very  few  who  have  had 
good  experience  and  training  for  the  work. 

1  Mere  medical  inspection  is  but  a  minor  part  of  what  is  here  intended ;  the 
work  proposed  has  much  more  important  aims  than  that. 

1  This  was  the  chief  purpose  of  the  old  type  of  medical  inspection,  and  is  the 
most  important  work  done  in  some  communities  still. 


136  Educational  Reorganization 

and  acquired  defects,  in  both  pupils  and  teachers,  which  in- 
terfere with  health,  growth,  and  efficiency. 

(5)  To  help  to  adjust  the  school  activities  to  the  health 
and  growth  needs,  and  to  direct  the  attention  of  teachers  and 
school-officers  to  a  study  of  the  hygiene  of  growth  and  the 
hygiene  of  instruction. 

(6)  To  bring  about  a  study  of  mental  retardation,  its  causes, 
and  means  for  reducing  the  same. 

(7)  To  help  teachers  in  the  work  of  health  teaching,  with 
a  view  to  disseminating  proper  ideas  as  to  the  care,  nurture, 
training,   and  proper  development  of   the   children  of   the 
state.1 

(8)  To  make,  at  least   quarterly,  a  careful  examination 
of  all  privies,  water-closets,  urinals,  basements,  water  supply, 
drinking  facilities,   heating  arrangements,   lighting,   ventila- 
tion, and  the  general  sanitary  condition  of  buildings  and 
grounds,  and  to  report  to  the  proper  authorities  all  defective 
conditions  found.2 

(9)  To  cooperate  with  the  division  of  child-welfare  and  the 
division  of   schoolhouse  construction  and  sanitation  of   the 
state  department  of  education  in  the  making  of  health  and 
child-welfare  surveys,  and  in  the  sanitary  inspection  of  school 
buildings,  and  with  the  state  board  of  health  in  the  enforce- 
ment of  sanitary  rules  and  general  laws  relating  to  health. 

Sec.  140.  Clinical  child-psychologist.  —  Any  school-dis- 
trict may,  and  all  cities  of  the  first-class  must,  after  July 
i,  1916,  employ  a  clinical  child-psychologist  for  the  care- 

1  The  subdivisions  4  to  7  inclusive  mean  the  creation  of  what  will  be,  for  most 
communities,  entirely  new  lines  of  usefulness,  and  will  call  for  insight  and 
knowledge  on  the  part  of  school  health-officers,  teachers,  principals,  and  super- 
intendents.   The  division  of  child-welfare,  of  the  state  department  of  educa- 
tion, will  in  time  prove  to  be  of  great  assistance  in  this  work. 

2  This  work  deals  with  the  school  plant  rather  than  the  school  teachers  or 
children,  and  the  division  of  schoolhouse  construction  and  sanitation,  of  the 
state  department  of  education,  will  naturally  be  of  much  assistance  here. 


Revised  School  Code  137 

ful  study  of  individual  and  general  problems  relating  to  the 
mental  development  of  the  children  in  the  schools,  the  ad- 
justment of  instruction  to  special  needs,  and  the  direction  of 
special-type  instruction  for  children  varying  markedly  from 
the  normal  type. 

Sec.  141.  Examinations  of  teachers  and  employees.  - 
After  the  organization  in  any  school-district  of  the  work  pro- 
vided for  in  this  article,  all  new  janitors,  teachers,  and  super- 
visory officers  shall  be  required  to  be  examined  and  approved 
as  in  good  health  by  the  school  health-officer  for  the  district, 
as  a  prerequisite  for  employment,  and  any  janitor,  teacher, 
or  supervisory  officer,  without  reference  to  time  of  employ- 
ment, may  be  requested  by  the  superintendent  of  education 
or  by  the  board  of  education  for  the  district,  to  submit  him- 
self or  herself  to  such  physical  examination,  if  there  is  reason 
to  suspect  that  such  person  is  suffering  from  any  contagious 
disease.1  All  such  employees  may,  at  any  time,  be  given 
such  an  examination,  free  of  charge,  on  their  own  request. 

ARTICLE  27.    SANITARY  CONTROL 

Sec.  142.  Contagious  diseases.  —  No  person  suffering 
from  tuberculosis  shall  be  a  pupil,  teacher,  janitor,  or  other 
employee  in  any  public  school,  unless  it  be  a  special  school 
for  the  instruction  of  persons  so  afflicted,  and  carried  on  under 
regulations  made  for  such  schools.  No  person  suffering  from 
any  contagious  disease  shall,  similarly,  be  continued  as  teacher, 
pupil,  janitor,  or  other  employee  in  any  school,  during  the 
period  of  contagion.2  All  pupils  prevented  from  attending 
school  on  account  of  the  enforcement  of  the  health  or  sanita- 
tion laws  of  this  state,  or  by  the  enforcement  of  the  health 

1  Such  examinations  of  teachers  and  janitors  is  a  natural  corollary  of  health 
supervision  in  the  schools.  There  is  no  point  to  providing  health  supervision 
for  pupils,  and  then  employing  tubercular  teachers  and  syphilitic  janitors. 

*  This  also  follows  as  a  natural  corollary. 


138  Educational  Reorganization 

regulations  of  this  chapter  of  the  School  Code,  are  thereby 
relieved  from  complying  with  the  provisions  of  Chap.  XVI  of 
this  Code  relative  to  compulsory  attendance,  during  the  time 
such  pupils  are  prevented  from  attending  school. 

Sec.  143.  Vaccination  required.  —  Every  child  or  person 
who  shall  enter  or  be  enrolled  in  as  a  pupil,  or  be  employed 
or  commence  work  in,  any  school,  college,  university,  academy, 
or  other  educational  institution  in  this  state  as  a  teacher, 
janitor,  or  other  employee,  whether  the  same  be  public  or 
private,  sectarian  or  non-sectarian,  shall  file  with  the  teacher 
or  principal,  and  the  same  shall  be  properly  recorded  in  the 
teacher's  register  and  in  the  records  of  the  school  health-de- 
partment, either  a  certificate  signed  by  a  duly  licensed  and 
practicing  physician,  showing  that  such  child  or  person  has 
been  successfully  vaccinated  (giving  the  date  thereof)  within 
seven  years  prior  to  the  date  when  the  same  shall  be  filed,  or 
a  certificate  signed  by  the  health-officer  of  the  board  of  health, 
within  whose  territorial  jurisdiction  such  institution  may 
be  located,  stating  that  such  child  or  person  has  been  exam- 
ined by  him  and  has  presented  satisfactory  evidence  to 
him  that  he  or  she  has  been  vaccinated  within  such  period  of 
seven  years. 

Sec.  144.  Exclusion  from  school.  —  If,  at  any  time,  it 
shall  appear  to  the  board  of  health  having  jurisdiction  in  the 
district  where  the  school  attended  by  such  children  or  persons 
is  located,  or  to  the  state  board  of  health,  that  there  is  danger 
of  contagion  or  infection  from  smallpox,  within  the  district 
or  subdistrict,  either  may  order  the  schools  to  exclude,  im- 
mediately, all  unvaccinated  children  or  persons  from  any 
school  or  schools  or  other  form  of  educational  institution, 
and  they  shall  be  excluded  forthwith  and  continuously  from 
admission  to,  attendance  upon,  or  service  in  connection  with 
any  such  institution,  until  they  have  been  either  successfully 
vaccinated,  or  until  such  time  as  all  danger  from  contagion 


Revised  School  Code  139 

from  smallpox  shall  have  ceased  within  the  district  or  sub- 
district  concerned.1 

Sec.  145.  General  sanitary  control.  —  Each  district  or 
subdistrict  school  board  shall  exercise  such  general  sanitary 
control  as  is  directed  elsewhere  2  in  this  Code,  in  the  laws  of 
this  state,  or  by  authority  of  state  and  local  boards  of  health, 
and  the  state  commissioner  of  education  shall  also  exercise 
such  sanitary  control  over  school  buildings  as  is  elsewhere 
provided  3  in  this  Code. 

1  This  modification  of  the  old  law  is  a  concession  to  a  small  group  of  objec- 
tors.   The  certificates  are  supposed  to  be  required,  but  instead  of  putting  the 
onus  of  enforcing  the  requirement  on  the  school  board,  in  times  when  there  is 
no  smallpox  in  the  region,  it  is  left  discretionary  with  the  local  or  state  board 
of  health  to  order  its  enforcement,  as  soon  as  any  danger  appears.    The  parents 
of  children  excluded  from  school  for  refusal  to  obey  the  vaccination  laws  may 
be  proceeded  against  under  the  provisions  of  the  compulsory  education  law 
(see  Chap.  XVI). 

2  See  Sec.  64,  relating  to  exclusions  from  school. 

3  See  Sec.  127,  relating  to  the  condemnation  of  school  buildings. 


CHAPTER   XI.    TEXT-BOOKS    AND    SUPPLIES 

ARTICLE  28.    BASIS  OF  SUPPLY 

Sec.  146.  Unit  for  adoptions.  —  The  unit  for  the  adoption 
of  courses  of  study,  text-books,  supplemental  books,  and 
school  supplies  shall  be  the  unit  of  supervision.1  Subject 
only  to  the  provisions  of  this  Code  as  to  subjects  of  instruc- 
tion, each  city  school-district  and  each  county  school-district 
in  this  state  shall  form  units  for  the  adoption  of  courses  of 
study,  which  need  not  be  uniform  for  all  schools  within  the 
district,  and  for  the  adoption  of  text-books  for  use  in  the 
schools. 

Sec.  147.  State  approved  lists.  —  The  state  board  of 
education,  acting  on  the  recommendation  of  the  commissioner 
of  education,  shall,  within  one  year  after  this  Revised  School 
Code  takes  effect,  prepare  a  list  of  approved  text  and  supple- 
mental books  from  which  adoptions  shall  be  made  by  the 
different  county  and  city  boards  of  education  in  each  of  the 
school  subjects  of  study,  and  according  to  the  following 
plan.2 

(i)  Each  publisher,  wishing  to  have  any  book  adopted  for 
use  in  the  schools  of  this  state,  shall  submit  copies  of  the  same 
to  the  state  commissioner  of  education,  together  with  a  state- 
ment in  writing  of  the  price  at  which  he  will  sell  such  book 

1  As  required  by  the  revised  constitution  of  the  state,  Art.  IX,  Sec.  13.    This 
eliminates  the  state  uniformity  which  has  prevailed  for  nearly  two  decades, 
much  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  schools. 

2  This  is  a  plan  to  keep  down  the  prices  to  about  the  same  which  prevailed 
under  the  old  state  uniformity.     It  is  expected  that  the  list  will  be  a  large  open 
list,  containing  any  good  book  on  any  school  subject.    The  purpose  of  the  ap- 
proved list  is  primarily  to  regulate  prices. 

140 


Revised  School  Code  141 

to  any  city  or  county  school-district  authorities  in  the  state, 
and  a  brief  setting  forth  the  merits  and  usefulness  of  the  book 
in  question. 

(2)  The  commissioner  of  education  shall  direct  an  exami- 
nation to  be  made  as  to  the  prices  at  which  such  book  is  sold 
in  other  states  in  the  Union,  and  shall  submit  the  book,  offer, 
and  brief  to  the  heads  of  the  proper  divisions  of  the  state 
department  of  education  for  an  opinion  as  to  the  desirability 
of  placing  such  book  on  the  list  of  books  approved  for  adop- 
tion in  this  state. 

(3)  If  the  nature  and  quality  of  the  book,  and  the  price  at 
which  it  is  offered,  meet  with  his  approval,  he  shall  then  recom- 
mend to  the  state  board  of  education  that  such  book  be  placed 
on  the  approved  list,  at  the  price  agreed  upon. 

(4)  If  the  state  board  of  education  approves  the  recom- 
mendation, at  the  price  offered,  they  shall  then  direct  the 
secretary  and  business  manager  to  enter  into  a  contract  with 
the  publishing  firm  to  sell  such  book  to  the  governing  board 
for  any  city  or  county  school-district  in  the  state. 

(5)  On  the  proper  execution  of  the  contract,   the  state 
commissioner  of  education  shall  notify  each  county  and  city 
board  of  education  of  said  approval,  with  the  price  which  is 
to  be  paid,  after  which  any  book  so  authorized  may  be  adopted 
for  use  by  any  school-district  in  this  state. 

(6)  The  state  board  of  education  may,  similarly,  add  other 
books  to  the  list,  from  time  to  time,  and,  for  cause,  may  re- 
move any  book  so  adopted  from  the  list. 

(7)  Private    or    parochial    schools    may    purchase    books 
adopted  for  use  in  the  schools  of  this  state  on  the  same  terms 
as  public-school  corporations. 

Sec.  148.  Books  to  be  furnished  free.  —  Each  county  or 
city  board  of  education  shall  adopt,  from  the  authorized  lists, 
such  books  as  it  needs  for  use  in  the  schools,  either  as  regular 
texts  or  as  supplemental  books,  and  shall  purchase  the  same, 


142  Educational  Reorganization 

in  such  quantities  as  may  be  needed,  for  use  in  the  schools 
of  the  district.1  The  same  text  need  not  necessarily  be  used 
in  all  schools  of  the  district.  All  regular  text-books,  both  in 
day  and  evening  schools  of  elementary  or  secondary  grade, 
shall  be  loaned  to  the  pupils  free  of  charge,  subject  to  such 
general  rules  and  regulations  as  to  their  care  as  the  superin- 
tendent of  education  shall  have  approved,  in  accordance  with 
the  provisions  of  Sec.  24,  subdiv.  4,  of  this  Code.  Any  parent 
who  desires  to  do  so  may  purchase  one  or  more  of  the  books 
used  by  his  child  from  the  board  of  education,  at  cost.  The 
regular  text-books  may  be  changed  at  the  close  of  any  school 
term  or  year,  as  the  board  of  education  may  direct.2 

Sec.  149.  Free  school  supplies.  —  Each  county  and  city 
board  of  education  shall  also  furnish,  free  of  any  charge,  and 
in  sufficient  quantities  to  meet  the  needs  of  instruction,  all 
chalk,  ink,  pencils,  pens,  penholders,  writing  and  drawing 
paper,  soap,  sanitary  towels,  and  toilet  paper;  all  ordinary 
equipment  for  instruction  in  drawing,  kindergartens,  manual 
training,  and  household  economy;  and  in  agricultural,  in- 
dustrial, and  scientific  work.  In  such  instruction,  where 
large  pieces  are  to  be  made  and  taken  home  and  kept,  pupils 
may  be  required  to  pay  the  cost  of  the  raw  material  used; 
and  in  laboratory  instruction,  a  breakage  fee 3  may  be  charged. 

1  There  is  also  no  further  need  for  time-periods  in  adoptions.     It  may  be 
presumed  that  text-books  once  bought  will  be  used  until  they  are  worn  out,  and 
this  is  more  likely  to  be  too  long  rather  than  too  short  a  time.     A  regular  text 
in  geography  may  last  four  or  five  years ;   a  reader  may  be  badly  worn  in  two 
or  three.     A  uniform  time  limit  is  not  desirable,  and  with  free  text-books  and 
local  adoptions  is  no  longer  necessary. 

2  With  free  books,  which  is  new,  and  the  county-unit  for  administration,  the 
need  for  uniformity  entirely  disappears.     There  is  no  educational  reason  for 
general  uniformity,  either  in  courses  or  in  texts. 

3  It  was  felt  by  many  that  this  fee,  especially  in  the  secondary-schools,  should 
cover  materials  also,  but  it  was  decided  not  to  include  such,  as  too  often  even 
small  fees  tend  to  keep  students  from  studying  the  sciences.     Too  many  now 
study  the  book  subjects,  and  too  few  the  sciences. 


TITLE  V.    THE  TEACHING  FORCE 

CHAPTER   XII.    THE   TRAINING  OF   TEACHERS 

ARTICLE  29.    THE  STATE  NORMAL  SCHOOLS 

Sec.  150.  Schools  and  purpose.  —  The  five  state  normal 
schools  now  in  existence,  located  at  Huron,  Rocky  Ford, 
Cayuga,  Miami,  and  Council  Crest,  are  continued  as  the  five 
state  normal  schools  for  this  state.  These  schools  shall  be 
maintained  for  the  purpose  of  training  persons  to  teach  in  the 
rural,  town,  and  city  elementary  schools  of  this  state. 

Sec.  151.  To  whom  open.  —  The  basis  for  admission  to 
each  of  the  state  normal  schools  shall  be  the  same,  and  shall 
be  graduation  from  a  four-year  secondary-school  course, 
based,  in  turn,  on  the  completion  of  an  eight-year  elementary- 
school  course,  or  equivalent  instruction.  Any  resident  of 
this  state,  not  less  than  seventeen  years  of  age,  shall  be  en- 
titled to  admission,  and  residents  of  other  states  may  be  ad- 
mitted under  conditions  to  be  laid  down  by  general  rule  by  the 
state  board  of  education. 

Sec.  152.  The  course  of  instruction.  —  The  regular  course 
of  instruction  shall  be  two  years  in  length,  in  all  departments, 
except  that  an  additional  year  in  industrial  and  vocational 
lines,  and  a  shorter  course  for  experienced  teachers  and  for 
college  graduates  who  desire  to  enter,  may  be  provided  by 
any  school  desiring  to  do  so.  Any  school  may  also  provide 
courses  in  kindergarten  training.  Work  in  some  forms  of 
industrial  education,  household-economics,  and  agriculture, 
as  defined  by  Sec.  79  of  this  Code,  shall  be  offered  in  each 
school  as  a  part  of  the  regular  two-year  course.  The  state 

143 


144  Educational  Reorganization 

board  of   education   shall  have   power  to  standardize  the 
courses  of  instruction  offered. 

Sec.  153.  Government  of  each  school.  —  Of  the  present 
boards  of  trustees  for  each  school,  the  five  appointed  members 
shall  remain,  and  the  ex-officio  members *  shall  retire.  As 
the  terms  of  the  appointed  members  expire,  the  governor  shall, 
each  year,  appoint  a  successor,  for  a  five-year  term.  He  shall 
also  fill  all  vacancies  which  may  occur  in  any  board,  for  any 
cause,  and  for  the  unexpired  term.  The  commissioner  of 
education  shall  be  notified  of  all  meetings  of  each  normal- 
school  board,  and  both  he  and  the  principal  of  the  school  shall 
have  the  right  to  attend,  and  to  speak  on  any  question  under 
consideration,  but  without  the  right  to  vote.  Each  board 
shall  elect  a  president  of  the  board  from  among  its  own  mem- 
bership ;  the  principal  of  the  school  shall  act,  ex-officio,  as 
secretary  of  the  board ; 2  and  each  board  shall  designate  a 
bank  to  act  as  treasurer.  Each  board  shall  meet  at  least 
three  times  each  year,  and  at  such  other  times  as  they  deem 
necessary.  The  actual  expenses  of  each  member  in  attend- 
ing the  meetings  shall  be  audited  and  paid  from,  the  general 
fund  appropriated  for  the  maintenance  of  each  school. 

Sec.  154.  Powers  of  boards  of  trustees.  —  The  board  of 
trustees  for  each  state  normal  school  shall  have  the  follow- 
ing powers  and  duties :  — 

(i)  To  elect  a  principal  for  the  school,  for  four-year  terms, 
and  to  fix  his  compensation,  which  shall  not  be  reduced 
during  his  term  of  office.  He  shall  have  the  initiative 

1  The  governor  and  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction  have  been  ex- 
officio  members  of  all  five  boards  in  the  past,  but  have  seldom  attended  the 
meetings.     Under  the  new  plan  each  board  is  reduced  to  five  working  members, 
with  the  commissioner  of  education  privileged  to  attend,  and  participate  in 
conference. 

2  This  gives  the  principal  an  official  connection  with  the  board,  and  puts  him 
into  more  intimate  touch  with  their  work.    His  secretary  can  do  most  of  the 
purely  clerical  work  for  him. 


Revised  School  Code  145 

in  the  nomination  of  all  teachers  and  other  assistants  for 
appointment,  promotion,  and  dismissal,  the  board  determin- 
ing the  salaries  to  be  paid.  He  shall  also  have  the  initiative 
in  all  matters  relating  to  the  courses  of  instruction.1  He  shall 
also  be  held  responsible  for  the  discipline  and  the  successful 
conduct  of  the  school. 

(2)  To  fix  the  salary  of  all  employees,  of  whatever  kind, 
and  to  apportion  the  expenditure  of  all  moneys  appropriated 
for  the  support  and  maintenance  of  the  school  by  the  general 
assembly,  and  all  moneys  received  from  any  other  source. 

(3)  To  have  general  charge  of  the  maintenance  of  the  build- 
ings and  grounds  of  the  school ;  the  erection  of  new  buildings, 
or  the  extension  of  the  school  plant,  as  authorized;    and  to 
authorize  the  purchase  of  furniture,  apparatus,  and  equipment. 

(4)  To  prescribe  rules  for  their  own  government,  and  for 
the  government  of  the  school. 

(5)  To  maintain,  in  connection  with  the  work  of  the  normal 
schools,  such  model  or  training  schools  of  the  elementary- 
school   grade,   or   the   elementary-   and   intermediate-school 
grades  combined,  as  may  be  needed. 

(6)  To  keep  a  record  of  their  official  acts,  which  shall  be  open 
to  public  inspection,  and  to  make  an  annual  report  as  to  the 
work  of  the  board  and  of  the  school  to  the  state  board  of  edu- 
cation, embodying  such  information  as  they  or  the  commis- 
sioner of  education  may  direct.2 

Sec.  155.  Graduates  entitled  to  certificates.  —  Graduates 
of  any  state  normal  school  in  this  state  shall  be  entitled  to  a 

1  This  guarantees  to  the  principal  the  rights  he  must  possess  if  he  is  to  ad- 
minister the  school  successfully. 

1  This  gives  to  each  board  enough  management  to  retain  their  active  interest 
in  the  school,  and  also  leaves  each  board  enough  freedom  in  the  management 
to  enable  them  to  develop  schools  with  some  individuality,  while  at  the  same 
time  conforming  to  uniform  educational  standards  as  to  admission  and  gradua- 
tion. The  report  is  to  the  chief  educational  body  of  the  state,  instead  of,  as 
formerly,  to  a  political  officer. 


146  Educational  Reorganization 

teacher's  certificate  of  elementary-school  grade  in  any  county 
in  this  state,  on  presentation  of  their  diploma  of  graduation 
to  the  county  superintendent  of  education,  as  provided  for  in 
Sec.  172  of  this  Code,  and  valid  for  such  periods  as  are  pre- 
scribed by  Sec.  173. 

ARTICLE  30.    LOCAL  TRAINING-SCHOOLS 

Sec.  156.  County  training-classes. — Any  county  school- 
district  in  this  state  not  having  located  within  the  county 
a  state  normal  school,  and  maintaining  an  approved  county 
school  of  agriculture,  as  provided  for  by  Art  15  of  this  Code, 
which  offers  a  four-year  secondary-school  course  of  instruc- 
tion in  agriculture,  household  economics,  industrial  work, 
and  academic  subjects,  as  provided  for  by  Sees.  81  and  82 
of  this  Code,  may  provide  for  a  teachers'  training-course  in 
connection  therewith,  for  the  purpose  of  training  teachers 
for  the  rural  and  small  town-schools  of  the  county.  This 
teachers'  training-course  may  be  substituted  for  the  fourth 
year  of  the  other  courses,  or  may  be  offered  as  a  graduate 
year  of  instruction.  The  course  of  instruction  for  the 
teachers'  training-year  shall  be  that  approved  for  such  schools 
by  the  state  board  of  education,1  and  graduates  of  such 
courses,  on  presentation  of  their  diplomas  of  graduation, 
shall  be  entitled  to  second-grade  elementary-school  teacher's 
certificate,  as  provided  in  Sees.  172  and  173  of  this  Code. 

Sec  157.  City  normal  schools.  —  Any  first-class  city 
school-district  in  this  state  may  establish  a  city  normal  school, 

1  Teachers'  training-classes  in  secondary-schools  have  made  but  little  head- 
way in  this  state,  and  the  commission  did  not  desire  to  encourage  them.  The 
teachers  trained  in  such  courses  go  to  the  rural  schools,  and  the  proper  place 
to  train  rural  teachers  is  in  an  agricultural  high-school.  Under  the  county 
educational  reorganization  provided  for  under  Art.  6,  the  demand  for  teachers 
of  this  training  will  grow  smaller  after  a  few  years.  Not  more  than  half  the 
counties  will  ever  need  such  training  classes  in  connection  with  their  county 
schools  of  agriculture. 


Revised  School  Code  147 

provided  that  the  admission  requirements  and  standards 
maintained  are  not  lower  than  for  the  state  normal  schools; 
that  the  course  of  instruction  is  not  less  than  two  years  in 
length;  that  the  equipment  and  course  of  instruction  be 
subject  to  approval  by  the  state  board  of  education ;  and  that 
the  school  be  open  to  inspection  by  the  state  department  of 
education.  Graduates  of  such  schools  may  be  granted  first- 
grade  elementary-school  certificates,  as  provided  for  in  Sees. 
172  and  173  of  this  Code. 

ARTICLE  31.    THE  STATE  TEACHERS  COLLEGE 

Sec.  158.  Location.  — The  State  Teachers  College,  for  the 
training  of  teachers  for  the  secondary-schools  and  super- 
visory officers  for  the  schools  of  this  state,  shall  be  located  at 
Chippewa  Falls,  and  in  connection  with  and  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  regents  of  the  University  of  Osceola.  The  regents 
of  the  University  of  Osceola  shall  biennially  present  to  the 
general  assembly  an  estimate  of  the  sums  needed  to  main- 
tain properly  a  teachers  college  of  high  grade,  and  the  main- 
tenance of  such  college,  as  an  integral  part  of  the  university 
work,  shall  be  one  of  the  important  functions  of  the  University 
of  Osceola.  Graduates  of  the  University  of  Osceola  shall  be 
granted  certificates  to  teach  in  this  state,  provided  they  comply 
with  the  conditions  prescribed  by  Chap.  XIII  of  this  Code. 

Sec.  159.  Purpose  of  the  College.  —  The  purpose  of  the 
state  teachers  college  shall  be  to  educate  and  train  teachers 
for  the  intermediate  and  secondary  schools  of  the  state,  and 
supervisors  and  supervisory  officers  for  the  elementary  and 
secondary  schools  and  for  the  county  and  city  school-systems 
of  the  state,  the  academic  and  the  professional  education  of  such 
teachers  and  supervisory  officers  to  be  carried  on  together.1 

1  This  makes  a  clear  delimitation  in  function  between  the  normal  schools 
on  the  one  hand  and  the  university  on  the  other,  and  gives  to  each  its  proper 
work  to  do. 


CHAPTER  XIII.    THE   CERTIFICATION  OF 
TEACHERS 

ARTICLE  32.    EXAMINING  AND  CERTIFICATING  OF  TEACHERS 

Sec.  160.  Teachers'  certificates  required.  —  No  school 
money  shall  be  paid  to  any  person  for  any  services  rendered 
as  a  teacher  or  an  assistant  teacher,  or,  after  July  first,  1917, 
as  a  supervisor,  principal,  or  superintendent  in  any  public 
school  in  this  state,  unless  such  person  shall  be  the  holder  of 
a  certificate,  in  full  force  and  effect,  and  of  a  grade  required 
for  the  position;  and  unless  the  same  shall  have  been  duly 
registered  in  the  office  of  the  county  superintendent  of  edu- 
cation and  validated  for  the  year,  as  provided  for  by  Sec. 
1 66  of  this  Code.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  receive  or 
hold  a  teacher's  certificate  in  this  state  who  is  not  at  least 
eighteen  years  of  age,  and  of  good  moral  character. 

Sec.  161.  Certificates  in  force  continued. — All  teachers' 
certificates  and  diplomas  in  force  at  the  time  this  Revised 
School  Code  takes  effect  shall  be  continued  in  force  for  the 
full  time  for  which  they  were  issued,  and  shall  remain  valid 
for  the  grades  for  which  issued,  but  not  more  than  two  re- 
newals of  any  such  certificate  shall  be  granted,  and  no  renew- 
als of  such  shall  be  granted  after  four  years  from  the  time 
this  Code  takes  effect.1  Certificates  and  diplomas  previously 
granted  may  be  changed  into  the  new  forms  of  certificates, 

1  This  gives  all  teachers,  not  holding  permanent  or  long-time  certificates, 
four  years  to  effect  exchanges  and  to  take  the  examinations  in  the  different 
subjects  required.  The  purpose  is  to  shift  all  to  the  new  standards  as  rapidly 
as  possible,  though,  of  course,  the  old  meaningless  "life  diplomas"  probably  will 


Revised  School  Code  149 

so  far  as  such  may  be  equivalent,  by  taking  examinations  on 
the  additional  subjects  now  required,  full  credit  being  given 
for  all  subjects  that  the  old  certificates  represent.  The  com- 
missioner of  education  shall  issue  uniform  rules  and  regula- 
tions governing  such  interchange  of  certificates. 

Sec.  162.  A  state  system  of  certificating.  —  The  examin- 
ing and  certificating  of  teachers,  after  July  first,  1915,  shall 
become  a  state  function,1  and  all  examinations  for  teachers' 
certificates  thereafter  shall  be  on  uniform  questions  prepared 
and  sent  out  by  the  examining  and  certificating  division  of  the 
state  department  of  education,  and  all  papers  submitted 
shall  be  forwarded  to  and  graded  by  this  division.  The  county 
superintendents  of  education  shall  act,  as  directed,  and  under 
rules  and  regulations  to  be  formulated  by  the  commissioner 
of  education,  as  agents  for  the  state  department  of  education 
in  giving  the  examinations,  transmitting  papers  and  creden- 
tials, supplying  such  information  as  may  be  requested,  and  in 
transmitting  the  certificates  granted  to  the  applicants. 

Sec.  163.  Commissioner  to  determine  details.  —  All  de- 
tails as  to  all  examinations  for  teachers'  certificates,  of  any 
kind,  the  renewal  of  the  same,  the  granting  of  such  on  creden- 
tials, and  the  conditions  under  which  certificates,  diplomas, 
and  degrees  from  other  states  will  be  recognized,  not  provided 
for  in  this  Code,  or  specifically  given  to  the  state  board  of 
education  for  determination,  shall  be  determined  by  uniform 
rule  by  the  commissioner  of  education ;  and  he  shall  issue  a 
bulletin  containing  such  information,  together  with  a  brief 

1  A  state  system  has  been  in  the  process  of  gradual  evolution  in  Osceola  for 
some  time,  and  state  and  county  examination  systems  and  certificates  have 
existed  side  by  side.  This  abolishes  the  county  examination  systems,  and  sub- 
stitutes one  uniform  state  system. 

The  great  labor  necessary  to  establishing  such  a  state  system  for  the  certifi- 
cation of  teachers  as  is  here  outlined,  coupled  with  the  large  amount  of  other 
work  incident  to  the  establishment  of  the  new  state  department  of  education, 
made  the  postponement  of  the  date  for  one  year  a  necessity. 


150  Educational  Reorganization 

statement  as  to  the  nature  of  the  examinations,  the  points 
which  will  be  emphasized  in  each,  and  the  book  or  books  which 
best  represent  the  scope  and  nature  of  the  preparation  re- 
quired. 

Sec.  164.  Interstate  comity.  —  The  purpose  of  this  chapter 
shall  be  to  emphasize  training  and  competency,  to  put  a 
premium  on  growth  and  efficiency,  to  reward  study  and  efforts 
to  improve,  and  to  break  down  artificial  barriers  against 
competency.1  The  professional  examinations  shall  be  set 
with  these  ends  in  view,  and  the  state  board  of  education  shall 
approve  lists  of  institutions  inside  and  outside  of  this  state, 
and  certificates  and  diplomas  from  other  states,  for  acceptance 
by  the  state  department  of  education;  provided  that  the 
standards  there  maintained  are  not  lower  than  those  main- 
tained in  Osceola.  The  state  university  and  the  state 
normal  schools  of  Osceola,  and  the  different  certificates  pro- 
vided for  in  this  chapter,  shall  be  the  standards  for  measure- 
ment.2 

Sec.  165.  Number  of  examinations,  and  fees.  —  Examina- 
tions for  elementary-teachers'  certificates  shall  be  offered  in 
each  county  twice  each  year,  in  June  and  in  December. 
Examinations  for  supervisory-certificates  twice  each  year, 
at  the  same  times,  and  examinations  for  permanent  diplomas 
but  once  each  year,  and  at  such  times  and  places  as  the  com- 
missioner of  education  may  determine.  The  subjects  and 
requirements  shall  be  as  stated  elsewhere  in  this  chapter. 
Certificates  on  credentials  may  be  issued  at  any  time,3  on 
application  to  the  state  department  of  education,  and  the 

1  This  is  a  new  conception  in  this  state,  and  it  was  thought  desirable  to 
emphasize  it  in  the  law. 

2  Obviously,   institutions,  certificates,  and  diplomas  representing  a  mate- 
rially lower  standard  could  not  properly  be  accepted,  except  for  such  lower  grade 
of  certificate  as  they  might  prove  to  be  equivalent  to. 

3  This  is  only  one  of  the  many  points  of  emphasis  placed  on  training,  rather 
than  upon  examinations,  by  this  chapter. 


Revised  School  Code  151 

transmission  of  the  necessary  fee  and  the  required  credentials. 
This  may  be  done  through  the  secretary  of  any  county  board 
of  education.  All  credentials  upon  which  certificates  are 
granted  shall  be  returned  to  the  applicant,  after  proper  record 
of  the  same  has  been  made.  A  fee  of  $1.00  shall  be  charged 
for  each  certificate  issued  on  credentials,  and  a  fee  of  $2.00 
for  each  examination  for  a  certificate  or  diploma  of  any  kind. 
The  secretary  of  the  county  board  of  education  shall  collect 
all  fees,  and  arrange  for  their  transference,  as  directed,  to  the 
credit  of  the  state  department  of  education. 

Sec.  166.  Registration  of  certificates  required.  —  All  hold- 
ers of  teachers'  certificates  and  diplomas  of  any  kind  must, 
as  a  prerequisite  to  being  paid  for  teaching,  have  such  regis- 
tered and  validated  for  the  year,  in  the  office  of  the  county 
superintendent  of  education  of  the  county  in  which  the  holder 
expects  to  teach.  In  the  case  of  city  school-districts,  the 
county  superintendent  of  education  may  authorize  the  city 
superintendent,  or  some  one  designated  by  him,  to  conduct 
the  registration  and  validation,  the  records  being  transmitted 
to  the  office  of  the  county  superintendent  of  schools.  No 
fee  shall  be  charged  for  such  registry  or  validation,  but  no 
certificate  or  diploma  shall  be  validated  for  the  ensuing  year 
unless  the  holder  thereof  has  complied  with  the  regulations  of 
Chap.  XV,  relating  to  reading-circle  work.1 

Sec.  167.  Success  schedules.  —  The  state  commissioner 
of  education  shall  make  out,  and  may  from  time  to  time  revise, 
such  a  schedule  of  items  as  should,  in  his  judgment,  enter  into 
the  record  and  grading  in  the  item  of  a  teacher's  success  in 
any  city  or  county  school-district.  The  success  form  may  be 
somewhat  different  for  different  classes  of  districts,  or  schools, 
but  shall  include  such  items  as  teaching  power,  government, 

1  The  registration  forms  an  accurate  annual  record  of  certificates,  training, 
and  persons  entitled  to  pay,  and  the  validation  is  to  check  up  the  reading-circle 
work  and  other  evidences  of  professional  growth. 


152  Educational  Reorganization 

personal  and  professional  qualities,  and  reading-circle  work, 
and  the  maximum  percentage  to  be  allowed  for  each  shall  be 
determined  by  the  commissioner  of  education.  The  grade 
for  reading-circle  work  shall  be  determined  as  provided  for 
in  Chap.  XV,  Art.  38  of  this  Code.  The  commissioner  shall 
also  determine  the  success-average  which  shall  be  required 
for  the  renewal,  without  examination,  of  the  different  types 
of  certificates,  and  for  the  consideration  of  an  application  from 
a  person,  otherwise  qualified,  for  a  permanent  teacher's  cer- 
tificate.1 

Sec.  168.  Yearly  success-grades.  —  Each  county  and  city 
superintendent  of  education,  as  a  result  of  the  year's  super- 
vision and  inspection  of  schools,  shall  annually  fill  out  and  sign, 
in  triplicate,  such  a  success-form  or  certificate  for  all  teachers 
and  supervisory  officers  under  their  respective  jurisdictions. 
One  copy  shall  be  delivered  to  the  teacher  or  supervisory 
officer  concerned,  one  forwarded  to  the  examining  and  certifi- 
cating division  of  the  state  department,  and  one  filed  in  the 
office  of  the  county  superintendent  of  education.2 

In  the  renewal  of  all  teachers'  certificates  without  examina- 
tion, as  provided  for  in  Art.  33  of  this  Code,  and  on  and  after 
July  first,  1916,  the  success-grades  issued  for  the  years  since 
the  certificate  was  granted  or  last  renewed,  not  exceeding 
the  last  three  in  number,  shall  be  added  together  and  averaged, 
and  the  certificate  shall  not  be  renewed  without  re-examina- 
tion in  case  the  success-average  for  the  period  falls  below  the 
average  required  for  renewal  for  such  grade  of  certificate,  as 

1  It  was  the  feeling  of  the  commission  that  the  certificating  and  supervising 
functions  should  be  closely  connected,  and  the  success-average  was  decided  upon 
as  the  best  means  of  making  a  definite  connection  between  the  two. 

2  This  insures  a  set  of  perfectly  definite  records,  of  which  the  teacher  is 
cognizant.    The  giving  of  such  itemized  success-grades  ought  to  insure  a  care- 
ful and  free  discussion  of  defects  during  the  year.    The  high  value  placed 
on  teaching  success  ought  to  secure  the  hearty  cooperation  of  teachers  in  efforts 
at  personal  improvement. 


Revised  School  Code  153 

required  by  the  uniform  rules  governing  such  renewals  issued 
by  the  commissioner  of  education. 

In  all  re-examinations  for  teachers'  certificates,  or  examina- 
tions for  certificates  or  diplomas  of  a  higher  grade,  the  aver- 
age made  on  the  academic  subjects  shall  count  one-third,  the 
average  made  on  the  professional  subjects  one-third,  and  the 
success-average  one-third.  Where  no  examination  on  aca- 
demic subjects  is  required,  the  average  made  on  the  profes- 
sional subjects  and  the  success-average  shall  each  count  one- 
half.  If  the  candidate  has  no  success-grade  in  this  state, 
then  the  academic  and  the  professional  subjects  shall  each 
count  one-half,  or  the  professional  subjects  shall  be  taken 
alone,  as  required  by  the  conditions  of  the  examination 
taken. 

Sec.  169.  Suspension  and  revocation  of  certificates.  — 
For  immorality,  dishonesty,  intemperance,  unprofessional 
conduct,  incompetency,  or  insubordination,  any  county  or 
city  board  of  education,  on  the  recommendation  of  their 
superintendent  of  education,  may  suspend  any  teacher,  as- 
sistant teacher,  principal,  supervisor,  or  assistant  superin- 
tendent from  service,  and  may  also  recommend  to  the  state 
department  of  education  the  revocation  of  the  certificate  or 
diploma  of  such  person.  In  the  case  of  a  city  or  county  su- 
perintendent of  education  the  board  may  take  such  action,  by 
a  four-fifths  vote,  without  the  concurrence  of  the  superin- 
tendent. The  grounds  upon  which  the  recommendation  for 
the  revocation  of  a  certificate  or  diploma  is  made  shall  be 
stated,  as  a  part  of  the  recommendation.  The  person  con- 
cerned shall  also  have  the  right  to  file  a  statement  con- 
taining his  defense,  and  the  commissioner  of  education  may 
order  such  investigation  as  he  may  deem  necessary  or  de- 
sirable. If  he  approves  the  recommendation,  the  certificate 
or  diploma  shall  be  revoked,  and  the  person  dropped  from 
the  service. 


154  Educational  Reorganization 

ARTICLE  33.    FORMS  OF  CERTIFICATES  GRANTED 

A.  Kindergarten  Certificates 

Sec.  170.  Basis  of  granting. — A  kindergarten  certifi- 
cate, valid  to  teach  in  any  kindergarten  in  this  state,  may  be 
issued  to :  — 

(1)  Any  one  who  has  completed  a  secondary-school  course ; 
or  who  has  been  graduated  from  a  county  teachers'-training- 
class,  or  a  state  normal  school;    or  who  has  taught  for  one 
year  on  at  least  a  second-grade  elementary-school  certifi- 
cate; and 

(2)  Who,  in  addition,  has  completed  a  kindergarten  train- 
ing-course in  a  state  normal  school,  or  a  kindergarten  training- 
school  approved  by  the  state  board  of  education,  and  who 
presents  credentials  evidencing  competency  to  direct  a  kinder- 
garten class. 

Such  certificates  shall  be  granted,  at  first,  for  a  two-year 
period,  and  then,  if  the  holder  proves  to  be  a  successful  kin- 
dergartner,  as  determined  by  the  success-grades  filed,  the 
certificate  may  be  renewed,  without  examination,  for  three- 
year  periods,  so  long  as  the  holder  continues  to  be  a  successful 
kindergartner,  as  shown  by  the  success-grades.1 

Sec.  171.  Permanent  kindergarten  certificate.  —  A  per- 
manent2 kindergarten  certificate,  valid  for  life  in  any  county 
or  city  school-district  in  this  state,  may  be  granted,  on  appli- 
cation to  the  commissioner  of  education,  to  any  kindergarten 
teacher :  — 

(i)  Who  has  taught  for  not  less  than  seven  years,  as  defined 

1  Here,  as  elsewhere  throughout  this  chapter,  renewals  are  based  on  evidence 
of  continued  or  increasing  success  and  growth,  and  not  on  possession  and  a 
desire  to  retain  the  position. 

2  The  term  permanent  certificate  was  chosen  here  and  elsewhere  through- 
out this  chapter,  instead  of  life  diploma,  to  distinguish  the  new  form,  based  on 
success  and  evidence  of  increased  knowledge,  from  the  old  form,  for  which  there 
were  practically  no  qualifications  except  being  employed  for  seven  years. 


Revised  School  Code  155 

by  Sec.  67  of  this  Code,  at  least  four  of  which  shall  have  been 
in  this  state ; 

(2)  Who  at  the  time  holds,  and  has  held  for  the  preceding 
four  years,  a  kindergarten  certificate  in  this  state ; 

(3)  Whose  success-grades  for  the  preceding   three   years 
have  averaged  at  least  as  high  as  the  average  required,  under 
the  rules  issued  by  the  commissioner  of  education,  for  eli- 
gibility for  a  permanent  kindergarten  certificate ; 

(4)  Who  passes  an  examination   on   educational   hygiene 
and  educational  psychology ; *  and 

(5)  Who  submits  an  acceptable  thesis,  involving  observa- 
tion and  some  reading,  on  one  of  a  number  of  topics,  relating 
to  kindergarten  work,  selected  from  a  list  of  thesis  subjects 
published  by  the  commissioner  of  education.2 

B.  Elementary-School  Certificates 

Sec.  172.  Grades  of  and  requirements  for.  —  This  certifi- 
cate shall  be  of  two  grades,  and  based  on  requirements,  as 
follows :  — 

I.  Second-grade  elementary-school  certificate.3  To  be  granted 
to:- 

1  The  examination  on  additional  subjects,  in  most  cases  entirely  professional, 
is  to  insure  some  evidence  of  thoughtful  professional  study  on  the  part  of  those 
desiring  permanent  certificates.  This  has  been  made  a  feature  of  the  permanent- 
certification  provisions  of  this  chapter. 

1  These  subjects  should  be  selected  some  time  in  advance.  Long  or  "orig- 
inal" contributions  should  not  be  expected.  The  purpose  is  rather  to  stimu- 
late thinking  and  observation,  and  the  formulation  of  results  in  the  form  of  a 
paper.  This  may  prove  painful  to  some  teachers,  but  the  pains  will  be  growing 
pains. 

3  This  certificate  represents  a  real  need  at  present,  but  with  county  educa- 
tional reorganization,  the  larger  finance,  the  better  basis  for  the  apportionment 
of  funds  provided,  the  future  enlarged  use  of  education  as  a  basis  for  salary 
grants,  and  the  growth  of  the  normal  schools,  this  grade  of  certificate  will  in 
time  decrease  greatly  in  importance.  Its  chief  use  is  as  a  trial  certificate  for 
new  teachers,  without  normal  school  training. 


156  Educational  Reorganization 

(1)  Graduates  of  teachers'  training-classes,  connected  with 
county  schools  of  agriculture,  on  the  presentation  of  their 
diplomas  and  a  recommendation  for  the  certificate  from  the 
school ; 

(2)  To   others   who   have   completed   a   secondary-school 
course  or  its  equivalent,  and  who  pass  an  examination  in :  — 

(a)  Academic  subjects.  —  All  of  the  subjects  of  instruction 
required  for  elementary  schools,  as  defined  in  Sec.  68  of  this 
Code;  and 

(b)  Professional    subjects.  —  The    principles    of    teaching ; 
school  and  class  management ;    the  rules  and  regulations  of 
the  state  board  of  education  relating  to  the  duties  of  teachers, 
and  their  relations  to  parents  and  school  officers;    and,  if 
without  a  success-grade,  the  reading-circle  books  required  of 
elementary  teachers  for  the  year  in  which  the  examination  is 
taken. 

II.  First-grade  elementary-school  certificates.     To  be  granted, 
without  examination :  — 

(1)  To  graduates  of  the  state  normal  schools,  and  approved 
city  normal  schools  of  this  state ; 

(2)  To  the  graduates  of  state  and  city  normal  schools  in 
other  states,  if  the  course  taken  in  such  school  has  been  ap- 
proved by  the  state  board  of  education  as  of  equal  rank  with 
similar  courses  given  in  the  state  normal  schools  of  this  state ; 
and 

(3)  On  examination,  to  those  who  have  taught  not  less 
than  one  year,  on  a  second-grade  elementary-school  certifi- 
cate, or  its  equivalent  in  this  or  some  other  state,  and  who 
pass  an  examination  on :  — 

(a)  Academic  subjects. 

[i]  All  of  the  academic  subjects  required  for  a  second- 
grade  elementary-school  certificate,  a  live  sec- 
ond-grade elementary-school  certificate  being 
taken  in  lieu  of  such  an  examination ; 


Revised  School  Code  157 

[2]  Three  secondary-school  subjects,  one  of  which 
must  be  English,  including  expression,  and 
another  some  one  science ; *  and 

[3]  One  special  subject  of  instruction,   selected  from 
the   following :  music,    drawing,   manual   train- 
ing, sewing,  domestic  science,  playground  direc- 
tion and  games,  and  agriculture ;  2 
(b)  Professional  subjects. 

[i]  All  of  the  professional  subjects  required  for  a  second- 
grade  elementary-school  certificate,  a  live 
second-grade  elementary-school  certificate  being 
taken  in  lieu  of  such  examination ;  and 
[2]  Educational  theory;  child  psychology;  and,  if 
the  applicant  is  without  a  success-grade,  on  the 
reading-circle  books  required  of  elementary- 
school  teachers  for  the  year  in  which  the  exam- 
ination is  taken.3 

Sec.  173.  Validity  and  renewals  of  elementary-school 
certificates.  —  An  elementary-school  certificate,  of  either 
grade,  shall  be  valid  for  teaching  in  the  first  eight  grades 
of  the  public  school  course,  and  including  the  ninth  grade 
in  second-class  attendance-subdistricts,  but  not  including 
kindergarten  classes,  or  the  seventh  or  eighth  grade  classes 
when  forming  a  part  of  an  intermediate  school.4 

1  The  use  of  English  and  some  knowledge  of  science  are  fundamental  for 
effective  elementary-school  teaching,  and  are  included  here  for  this  reason. 

J  This  should  not  mean  a  knowledge  such  as  a  special  supervisor  should  have, 
but  rather  familiarity  with  some  one  special  subject  sufficient  for  intelligent 
class-room  instruction. 

1  The  professional  subjects  are  included  for  all  certificates.  The  emphasis 
is  placed  only  on  subjects  of  fundamental  importance  for  the  teacher  in  such 
grades ;  and  these  professional  subjects  constantly  build  up  until  the  culmina- 
tion is  reached  in  the  permanent  supervisory  certificate,  which  represents  a 
good  grasp  of  the  literature  of  education. 

4  Only  intermediate-school  certificates  or  secondary-school  certificates  arc 
valid  here. 


158  Educational  Reorganization 

The  second-grade  elementary-school  certificate  shall  be 
regarded  as  a  trial  certificate,  and  shall  be  valid  for  but  one 
year,  and  only  in  the  county  where  the  training  course  or 
the  examination  was  taken.  If  the  teacher  proves  to  be  a 
successful  teacher,  as  determined  by  the  success-grades  filed, 
the  certificate  may  then  be  renewed  once,  on  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  county  superintendent  of  education  for  the  county 
in  which  the  holder  taught,  and  without  examination,  for  a 
three-year  period;  and  such  renewed  certificate  may  then 
be  accepted  by  county  superintendents  of  education  in  other 
counties,  if  they  care  to  do  so. 

A  first-grade  elementary-school  certificate  shall  be  valid 
in  any  county  in  the  state.  It  shall  be  issued  at  first  for  a 
two-year  period,  and  then,  if  the  holder  proves  to  be  a  success- 
ful teacher,  as  determined  by  the  success-grades  filed,  the 
certificate  may  then  be  renewed,  without  examination,  for 
four-year  periods,  so  long  as  the  holder  continues  to  be  a  suc- 
cessful teacher,  as  shown  by  the  success-grades  filed,  or  is 
engaged  in  study  or  some  form  of  educational  work.  Appli- 
cations for  renewal  shall  be  approved  by  the  county  or  city 
superintendent  of  education  for  the  district  in  which  the  appli- 
cant last  taught. 

Sec.  174.  Permanent  elementary-school  certificate. — A 
permanent  elementary-school  certificate,  valid  for  life  and  in 
any  county  or  city  school-district  in  this  state,  may  be  granted 
on  application  to  the  state  commissioner  of  education,  to  any 
teacher :  — 

(1)  Who  has  taught  for  not  less  than  seven  years,  as  defined 
by  Sec.  67  of  this  Code,  at  least  four  of  which  shall  have  been 
in  this  state ; 

(2)  Who  at  the  time  holds,  and  has  held  for  the  preceding 
four  years,  a  first-grade  elementary-school  certificate,  or  its 
equivalent  (old  form) ; 

(3)  Whose  success-grades  for  the  preceding   three   years 


Revised  School  Code  159 

have  averaged  at  least  as  high  as  the  average  required,  under 
the  rules  issued  by  the  commissioner  of  education,  for  eligi- 
bility for  a  permanent  elementary-school  diploma ; 

(4)  Who  passes  an  examination  on  (a)  educational  hygiene, 
and  (6)  the  development  and  function  of  public  education  in 
America;  and 

(5)  Who  submits  an  acceptable  thesis,  involving  obser- 
vation and  some  reading,  on  one  of  a  number  of  topics  relating 
to  the  work  of  the  elementary-school,  selected  from  a  list 
of  thesis  subjects  published  by  the  commissioner  of  educa- 
tion. 

Graduates  of  state  normal  schools  and  of  approved  city 
normal  schools  in  this  state,  and  of  approved  state  and  city 
normal  schools  in  other  states,  may  be  granted  permanent 
elementary-school  diplomas,  under  the  same  conditions  as 
are  outlined  above  in  this  section,  except  that  a  teaching 
experience  of  only  six  years  instead  of  seven,  and  three  years  in 
this  state  instead  of  four,  shall  be  required  of  such.1 

C.  Intermediate-School  Certificates* 

Sec.  175.  Requirements  for.  —  An  intermediate-school  cer- 
tificate, valid  for  teaching  in  any  elementary-school  or  in  any 
grade  of  a  regularly  organized  intermediate-school  in  this 
state,  may  be  granted  :  — 

(i)  To  any  teacher :  - 

(a)  Who  has  taught  for  not  less  than  two  years  in  this 
state,  on  a  first-grade  elementary-school  certificate,  or  its 
equivalent  (old  form) ;  or  who  has  taught  two  years  in 

1  This  counts  the  normal  school  training  as  equivalent  to  one  year  of  actual 
experience  in  teaching. 

2  This  continues,  in  a  way,  a  certificate  which  was  recently  instituted  in  this 
state,  and  which  may  for  a  time  represent  a  real  need,  as  well  as  offer  a  stimulus 
to  many  successful  and  ambitious  teachers  to  secure  some  college  training.     In 
time  the  secondary-school  certificate  will  become  so  common,  and  the  cities 
will  so  prefer  such,  that  this  certificate  can  probably  be  abandoned. 


160  Educational  Reorganization 

another  state,  on  a  certificate  recognized  as  equivalent ;  and 
who,  in  addition, 

(6)  Spends  two  years  as  a  regular  student  in  the  University 
of  Osceola,  or  in  an  institution  recognized  by  the  state  board  of 
education  as  offering  instruction  of  equivalent  grade,  and  who, 
while  a  student  there 

[i]  Emphasizes  one  or  more  lines  of  work  taught  in 
the  intermediate-school  grades,  such  as  English, 
languages,  history,  science,  or  mathematics; 
and  who,  in  addition, 

[2]  Carries  successfully,  in  the  Teachers  College  or  de- 
partment of  education  of  such  institution,  at 
least  three  units  for  one  year,  or  the  equivalent, 
in  courses  relating  to  the  theory  of  education, 
the  work  of  instruction,  or  the  hygienic  aspects 
of  educational  work.1 

Sec.  176.  Validity ;  permanent  form.  —  An  intermediate- 
school  certificate,  so  granted,  shall  be  valid  for  four  years, 
and  may  then  be  renewed,  without  examination,  for  four- 
year  periods,  so  long  as  the  holder  continues  to  be  a  success- 
ful teacher,  as  shown  by  the  success-grades  filed,  or  is  engaged 
in  study  or  some  form  of  educational  work. 

A  permanent  intermediate-school  certificate,  valid  for  life 
in  any  county  or  city  school-district  in  this  state,  may  be 
granted,  on  application,  to  any  teacher :  — 

(1)  Who  has  taught  for  not  less  than  seven  years,  as  de- 
fined by  Sec.  67  of  this  Code,  at  least  four  of  which  shall  have 
been  in  intermediate-schools  in  this  state ; 

(2)  Who  at  the  time  holds  and  has  held,  for  the  preced- 
ing   four   years,   an   intermediate-school    certificate   in   this 
state ; 

(3)  Whose   success-grades  for  the  preceding   three   years 

1  Actual  study  in  classes  is  here  required,  instead  of  examinations  based 
on  reading. 


Revised  School  Code  161 

have  averaged  at  least  as  high  as  the  average  required,  under 
the  rules  issued  by  the  commissioner  of  education,  for  eligi- 
bility for  a  permanent  intermediate-school  certificate ; 

(4)  Who  passes  an  examination  on  (a)  educational  hygiene, 
and  (6)  the  development  and  function  of  public  education  in 
America;  and 

(5)  Who  submits  an  acceptable  thesis,  involving  observa- 
tion and  some  reading,  on  one  of  a  number  of  topics  relating 
to  the  work  of  the  intermediate  school,  or  the  educational  and 
social  problems  surrounding  pupils  in  that  period  of  educa- 
tion, and  selected  from  a  list  of  thesis  subjects  published  by  the 
commissioner  of  education.1 

Graduates  of  approved  normal  schools  shall  be  given  the 
same  preferences  and  advantages  as  provided  for  under  Sec. 
174,  for  the  granting  of  permanent  elementary-school 
diplomas. 

D.  Secondary-School  Certificates 

Sec.  177.  Requirements  for.  —  Secondary-school  certifi- 
cates, valid  for  teaching  in  any  intermediate-  or  second- 
ary-school in  this  state,  or  in  the  seventh  or  eighth 
grades  of  any  elementary  school,  shall  be  granted  only  to 
graduates  of  the  University  of  Osceola,  or  to  graduates  of  an 
institution,  in  this  or  another  state,  recognized  by  the  state 
board  of  education  as  offering  instruction  of  equivalent  grade, 
and  who,  as  a  part  of  the  undergraduate  study :  — 

(1)  Make  special  preparation  to  teach  one  or  more  of  the 
subjects  of  instruction  taught  in  secondary  schools ;  and 

(2)  Complete  at  least  fifteen  units  of  work  in  the  Teachers 
College  or  department  of  education,  which  shall  have  included 
courses  on  the  theory  of  education ;  the  principles  of  teaching 
and  class  management;    the  function  and  purpose  of  public 

1  Here,  as  in  other  cases  in  this  chapter,  evidence  of  growth  and  thinking  on 
the  educational  problem  are  demanded  for  permanent  certificates. 


1 62  Educational  Reorganization 

education  in  America ;  and  the  peculiar  needs  and  the  attain- 
able goals  in  secondary  education ;  and 

(3)  Who  are  granted,  with  their  diploma,  a  special  recom- 
mendation from  the  faculty,  recommending  the  person  for  a 
secondary-school  certificate  in  Osceola.1 

Sec.  178.  Validity  and  renewals.  —  The  first  certificate 
granted  on  such  credentials  shall  be  in  the  nature  of  a  trial 
certificate,2  and  shall  be  issued  for  a  two-year  period, 
and  then,  if  the  holder  proves  to  be  a  successful  teacher, 
as  determined  by  the  success-grades  filed,  the  certificate  may 
be  renewed,  without  examination,  for  four-year  periods,  so 
long  as  the  holder  continues  to  be  a  successful  teacher,  as 
shown  by  the  success-grades,  or  is  engaged  in  study  or  some 
form  of  educational  work. 

Sec.  179.  Permanent  secondary-school  certificates.  —  A 
permanent  secondary-school  certificate,  valid  for  life  and  in 
any  county  or  city  school-district  in  this  state,  may  be  granted, 
on  application,  to  any  teacher :  — 

(1)  Who  has  taught  for  not  less  than  seven  years,  as  defined 
in  this  Code,  at  least  four  of  which  shall  have  been  in  secondary- 
schools  in  this  state ; 

(2)  Who  at  the  time  holds  and  has  held,  for  the  preceding 
four  years,  a  secondary-school  certificate ; 

(3)  Whose  success-grades  for  the  preceding   three  years 
have  averaged  at  least  as  high  as  the  average  required,  un- 
der the  rules  issued  by  the  commissioner  of  education,  for 
eligibility  for  a  permanent  secondary-school  certificate ; 

1  This  now  makes  obligatory  a  certificate  previously  optional,  and  eliminates 
intermediate-school    certificates   and   general   life-diplomas    from   secondary- 
school  work.     Special  preparation  in  subject  matter  and  professional  subjects, 
and  college  graduation,  are  required  for  this  certificate.    There  are  no  examina- 
tions by  means  of,  which  it  can  be  obtained. 

2  Not  all  college  graduates  develop  into  successful  teachers,  and  this  trial 
period  will  prove  useful  both  as  a  stimulus  and  as  a  means  for  sifting  out  the 
unfit. 


Revised  School  Code  163 

(4)  Who  spends  one  year  in  graduate  study  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Osceola,1  or  in  an  institution  recognized  by  the  state 
board  of  education  as  offering  instruction  of  equivalent  grade, 
and  who  devotes  a  portion  of  such  time  to :    (a)  advanced 
academic  study  in  the  subject  or  subjects  he  desires  to  teach 
in  the  secondary  school ;    and  (b)  to  a  further  study  of  the 
history,  problems,  and  administration  of  public  education, 
including  comparative  secondary-education,  and  under  the 
direction  of  the  Teachers  College  or  department  of  education 
in  such  institution ;  and 

(5)  Who  submits  an  acceptable  thesis,  involving  the  results 
of  independent  study,  on  some  topic  relating  to  the  work  or 
administration  of  the  secondary  school. 

E.  Supervisory  Certificates 

Sec.  1 80.  Grades  and  requirements  for.  —  This  certifi- 
cate shall  be  of  two  grades,  as  follows  :  — 

(i)  Second-grade  supervisory  certificate.2  —  This  certificate 
may  be  granted  to :  — 

(a)  Any  graduate  of  a  state  or  city  normal  school  in  this 
state,  or  of  an  approved  normal  school  in  another  state,  who 
has  taught  at  least  two  years ;  or 

(b)  Any  person  who  has  spent  at  least  two  years  in  a 
college  of  standing,  and  who  has  taught  two  years ;    or 

(c)  Any  other  person  who  has  had  three  years  of  teaching 
experience  on  a  certificate  at  least  as  high  as  a  first-grade 
elementary-school  certificate ;  and  who,  in  addition, 

(d)  Passes  an  examination  in  school  hygiene ;  child  hygiene ; 

1  This  is  in  keeping  with  previous  requirements.  A  year  of  graduate  study, 
after  some  years  of  teaching,  will  prove  of  especial  value  both  to  the  teacher  and 
to  the  schools. 

1  This  second-grade  certificate  is  to  single  out  and  reward  the  successful 
practitioner,  who  has  not  had  college  advantages,  but  who,  by  independent 
study,  has  kept  abreast  and  made  professional  preparation  for  his  work. 


164  Educational  Reorganization 

the  School  Code  of  this  state;  and  either  the  principles 
of  city  school  administration,  or  the  principles  of  state  and 
county  school  administration. 

Applicants  may  present  certificates  showing  that  they  have 
studied  any  or  all  of  the  above  subjects,  in  regular  or  summer 
sessions  of  approved  colleges  or  universities,  under  competent 
instructors,  though  the  acceptance  of  such  certificates  in  lieu 
of  an  examination,  in  whole  or  in  part,  shall  rest  with  the 
state  department  of  education.1 

(2)  First-grade  supervisory  certificate.2  —  This  certificate 
may  be  granted,  without  examination,  to  any  one  who  has 
had  two  years  of  teaching  experience,  and  who  has  been  gradu- 
ated from  the  Teachers  College  of  the  University  of  Osceola, 
or  from  the  Teachers  College  or  department  of  education  of  an 
institution  recognized  by  the  state  board  of  education  as  of- 
fering instruction  of  equivalent  grade,  and  who  presents  a 
certificate  showing  that  the  subjects  enumerated  under  (d), 
above,  were  completed  there,  and  that  the  applicant  is  recom- 
mended by  such  college  or  department  for  a  supervisory  cer- 
tificate in  Osceola. 

Sec.  181.  Validity  and  renewals.  —  The  two  grades  of 
supervisory  certificates  shall  have  the  same  force  and  validity, 
both  being  valid  for  teaching  in  or  for  supervising  any  ele- 
mentary, intermediate,  or  secondary  school  in  this  state,  or 
for  city  or  county  school  supervision.  Each  grade  of  the 
certificate  shall  be  granted  for  four-year  periods,  and  shall  be 

1  These  subjects,  together  with  those  required  by  previous  education  or  ex- 
aminations, involve  a  fair  grasp  of  educational  literature.    The  option  of  sub- 
mitting university  or  summer-school  credits  is  to  encourage  study  under  good 
teachers. 

2  This  certificate  is  for  the  serious  student  of  education,  who  carefully  pre- 
pares himself  for  administrative  work.     This,  like  the  permanent  secondary- 
school  certificate,  emphasizes  graduate  study  along  the  line  of  special  interest, 
and  at  a  time  when  it  will  be  of  great  value  to  the  supervisory  officer.     An 
option  of  private  study  and  an  examination  was  thought  to  be  wise  here,  however, 
by  the  majority  of  the  commission. 


Revised  School  Code  165 

renewable  for  similar  periods,  so  long  as  the  holder  continues 
to  be  a  successful  teacher  or  supervisor,  as  shown  by  the  suc- 
cess-grades filed;  is  employed  as  a  city  or  county  superin- 
tendent of  schools  in  this  state ;  or  remains  engaged  in  some 
form  of  educational  work. 

Sec.  182.  Permanent  supervisory  certificates.  —  A  per- 
manent supervisory  certificate,  of  either  grade,  and  valid  for 
life  in  any  county  or  city  school-district  hi  this  state,  may  be 
granted,  on  application,  to  any  holder  of  a  supervisory  cer- 
tificate :  — 

(1)  Who  has  taught  or  supervised  schools  for  not  less  than 
seven  years,  as  defined  in  this  Code,  at  least  four  of  which 
shall  have  been  in  this  state,  and  at  least  four  of  which  shall 
have  been  supervisory  work ; 

(2)  Who  at  the  time  holds,  and  has  held  for  the  preceding 
four  years,  a  supervisory  certificate  of  either  grade ; 

(3)  Whose  success-grades  for  the  preceding  three  years, 
except  in  the  case  of  city  or  county  school  superintendents, 
have  averaged  at  least  as  high  as  the  average  required,  under 
the  rules  issued  by  the  commissioner  of  education,  for  eli- 
gibility for  a  permanent  supervisory  certificate ;    and 

(4)  Who  either : 

(a)  Spends  one  year  in  advanced  study  in  the  Teachers 
College  of  the  University  of  Osceola,  or  in  a  Teachers  College 
or  department  of  education  in  some  institution  recognized 
by  the  state  department  of  education  as  offering  professional 
preparation   in   education    of    equivalent   grade ;    and  who 
devotes  the  year  to  a  study  of  educational  theory,  history, 
administration,  and  problems ;  or 

(b)  Passes   an   examination   on    educational   psychology ; 
the  history  of  modern  education,  with  particular  reference 
to  American  development  and  the  history  of  education  in 
Osceola ;   the  principles  of  state  and  county  administration, 
or  the  principles  of  city  school  administration  (the  one  not 


1 66  Educational  Reorganization 

included  in  the  earlier  examination  or  certification) ;    and 
comparative  education ;  and,  in  addition, 

(5)  Presents  an  acceptable  thesis,  involving  the  results  of 
independent  study,  on  some  topic  relating  to  the  organiza- 
tion and  administration  of  public  education  in  the  United 
States.1 

F.   Vocational-Education  Certificates 

Sec.  183.  For  what  work  issued.  —  Vocational-education 
certificates  may  be  issued  for  instruction  in  any  of  the  lines 
of  work  mentioned  in  Sec.  79  of  this  Code.  Two  grades  of 
this  certificate  shall  be  issued,  a  regular  and  a  special  form. 
Teachers  holding  elementary-school,  or  intermediate-school, 
certificates,  and  competent  to  give  such  instruction,  may  be 
permitted  to  give  such  in  any  elementary-school  without 
the  necessity  of  holding  a  vocational-education  certificate. 
Teachers  holding  elementary-,  intermediate-,  or  secondary- 
school  certificates,  who  make  the  regular  preparation  required 
for  vocational  instruction,  may  have  such  vocational  sub- 
jects added  to  their  certificates,  as  provided  for  in  Sec.  185 
of  this  Code. 

Sec.  184.  Regular  vocational  certificate.  —  This  certifi- 
cate may  be  issued  to  those  who,  in  addition  to  secondary- 
school  training  and  two  years  in  a  normal  school,  college,  or 
technical  school,  or  two  of  these  combined : 

(1)  Spend  two  additional  years  in  some  approved  insti- 
tution, making  special  preparation  to  teach  one  or  more  of 
the  subjects  or  lines  of  work 2  enumerated  in  Sec.  79  of  this 
Code; 

(2)  Present  a  recommendation  from  the  faculty  of  such 

1  This  should  be  a  serious  piece  of  work.    A  thesis  for  the  Master's  degree 
could  be  accepted  here.     If  properly  handled,  the  thesis  could  be  made  one 
of  the  most  important  parts  of  the  examination  for  permanent  certificates. 

2  This  provides  for  a  certificate  practically  equivalent,  in  training  required, 
to  the  secondary-school  certificate. 


Revised  School  Code  167 

institution,  recommending  the  candidate  as  competent  to 
give  such  instruction ;  and 

(3)  Have  either  completed  courses  in  such  institution,  or 
some  other  approved  institution,  in  the  following  professional 
subjects :  (a)  principles  of  teaching,  and  class  management ; 
(6)  theory  of  education,  with  special  reference  to  vocational 
education  and  vocational  guidance;  and  either  (c)  public 
education  in  America,  with  special  reference  to  city  problems 
and  needs,  or  (d)  rural-life  problems,  with  special  reference 
to  rural *  educational  needs ;  or  who  passes  an  examination 
in  these  subjects,  provided,  however,  that  the  state  department 
may,  in  its  discretion,  accept  satisfactory  experience  in  teach- 
ing such  subjects,  or  in  practical  work  in  the  vocation,  in  place 
of  any  or  all  of  professional 2  subjects  (a),  (c),  or  (</). 

Sec.  185.  Certificates  to  state  subjects.  —  Each  voca- 
tional certificate  issued  shall  state  on  its  face  the  particular 
subject  or  subjects,  or  group  of  subjects,  which  the  holder 
thereof  is  certified  to  teach  in  the  public  schools  of  this  state. 
Any  holder  of  such  certificate,  by  further  study  in  regular 
or  summer  sessions  of  institutions  giving  such  preparation, 
or  by  accceptable  service  in  practical  work  in  the  vocations, 
and  on  the  submission  of  proper  credentials  covering  such 
study  or  practical  experience,  may  have  additional  vocational 
subjects  added  to  the  face  of  the  certificate,  at  any  time  during 
the  life  of  the  same. 

Sec.  186.  Validity  of.  —  A  regular  vocational  certificate 
shall  be  valid  for  instruction  in  the  subjects  mentioned  on  its 
face  in  any  school  of  elementary  or  secondary  grade,  and  in 
any  school-district  in  this  state.  The  first  certificate  shall 

1  It  is  assumed  here  that  the  candidate  will  be  preparing  for  city  vocational 
work,  or  agricultural  work,  with  a  choice  of  either  for  household-economy 
teachers. 

1  Good  practical  experience  is  given  a  premium  here  over  theoretical  in- 
struction. 


1 68  Educational  Reorganization 

be  in  the  nature  of  a  trial  certificate,  and  shall  be  issued  for  a 
two-year  period,  and  then,  if  the  holder  proves  to  be  a  success- 
ful teacher,  as  determined  by  the  success-grades  filed,  the 
certificate  may  then  be  renewed,  without  examination, 
for  four-year  periods,  so  long  as  the  holder  continues  to  be  a 
successful  teacher,  as  shown  by  the  success-grades,  or  is  en- 
gaged in  some  form  of  educational  work. 

Sec.  187.  Permanent  vocational  certificate.  —  A  per- 
manent vocational-education  certificate,  valid  for  life,  and  in 
any  county  or  city  school-district  in  this  state,  may  be  granted, 
on  application,  to  any  teacher :  — 

(1)  Who  has  taught  at  least  seven  years,  as  defined  in  this 
Code,  at  least  four  of  which  shall  have  been  in  this  state ; 
provided,  however,   that  three  years  of  acceptable  practical 
experience  in  the  practice  of  the  vocation  may  be  accepted 
as  the  equivalent  of  two  years  of  teaching  experience,  but  not 
to  exceed  a  total  credit  of  three  years  in  teaching  experience ; 

(2)  Who  at  the  time  holds  and  has  held,  for  the  preceding 
four  years,  a  regular  vocational-education  certificate; 

(3)  Whose  success-grades  for   the  preceding   three   years 
have  averaged  at  least  as  high  as  the  average  required,  under 
the  rules  issued  by  the  commissioner  of  education,  for  eli- 
gibility  for   a   permanent   vocational-education    certificate; 
and  who 

(4)  Submits  an  acceptable  thesis,  involving  the  results  of 
practical  work  or  study,  and  relating  to  some  phases  of  voca- 
tional education. 

Sec.  188.  Special  vocational  certificates.  —  This  certifi- 
cate shall  be  for  the  recognition  of  those  of  adequate  experi- 
ence in  the  trades  and  industries,  and  is  intended  for  such 
practical  teachers  as  are  needed  in  day  or  evening  industrial 
schools,  trade  schools,  or  special  vocational  schools,1  and  is 

1  This  is  to  provide  for  teachers  in  such  subjects  as  printing,  bookbinding, 
plumbing,  machine-shop  work,  blacksmithing,  etc. 


Revised  School  Code  169 

not  to  take  the  place  of  the  regular  vocational  certificate  for 
teachers  in  regular  schools  of  elementary  or  secondary  grade. 
Such  certificate  may  be  issued  at  any  time  on  acceptable 
credentials,  to  those  who  have  completed  a  full  secondary- 
school  course  of  instruction,  or  its  equivalent,  and  who  in 
addition  have  had  at  least  three  years  of  practical  experience 
as  a  worker  in  the  trade  or  industry  for  which  a  special  voca- 
tional certificate  is  desired;  and  who  are  recommended  for 
such  by  a  city  or  county  superintendent  of  education.1 

Sec.  189.  Issue  and  validity.  —  The  first  such  special 
vocational  certificate  shall  be  in  the  nature  of  a  trial  certificate, 
and  shall  be  valid  for  one  year,  and  limited  to  the  city  or 
county  school-district  requesting  its  issuance,  and  then,  if 
the  holder  proves  to  be  a  successful  teacher,  as  determined 
by  the  success-grades  filed,  the  certificate  may  be  renewed, 
without  examination,  for  three-year  periods,  so  long  as  the 
holder  continues  to  be  a  successful  teacher,  as  shown  by  the 
success-grades,  and  may  then  be  accepted  in  any  county  in  this 
state. 

Applications  for  special  vocational  certificates  shall  be 
made  through  the  county  superintendent  of  education,  who 
shall  transmit  the  facts  in  each  case,  with  his  recommendation, 
to  the  state  department  of  education. 

G.   Special  Certificates 

Sec.  190.  To  whom  issued.  —  Special  certificates,  valid  to 
teach  special  subjects  of  instruction  or  in  special-type  schools, 
of  either  elementary  or  secondary  grade,  may  be  issued  to 
properly  qualified  persons,  on  the  recommendation  of  county 
superintendents  of  education.  No  special  certificate  shall 
be  granted,  however,  to  teach  the  regular  studies  of  a  second- 

1  This  puts  on  the  market  any  one  wanted,  and  at  the  same  time  only  those 
wanted,  for  particular  positions. 


170  Educational  Reorganization 

ary-school  course,1  or  except  for  music,  drawing,2  gymnasium 
or  playground  work,  commercial  work,  work  as  a  clinical- 
psychologist,  and  for  special  instruction  in  classes  or  schools 
for  the  instruction  of  blind,  deaf,  dumb,  subnormal,  defective, 
or  incorrigible  children.3 

The  commissioner  of  education  shall  make  rules  covering 
the  minimum  educational  requirements  to  be  accepted  for 
each  kind  of  special  certificate,  but  in  general  no  special  certifi- 
cate shall  be  issued  unless  the  applicant  has  completed  a 
secondary-school  course  of  instruction,  or  its  equivalent,  and, 
in  addition,  has  made  special  preparation  for  the  special 
line  of  work  proposed  to  be  taught,  at  least  as  satisfactory  as 
that  required  for  vocational  certificates. 

Applications  for  special  certificates  shall  be  made  through 
the  county  superintendent  of  education,  who  shall  transmit  the 
facts  in  each  case,  with  his  recommendation,  to  the  state 
department  of  education. 

Sec.  191.  Validity  of  special  certificates.  —  The  special 
certificates,  provided  for  in  Sec.  190,  shall  be  issued  at  first 
for  one  year,  and  limited  in  validity  to  the  county  from  which 
the  application  comes.  If  the  teacher  is  successful,  and  the 
county  superintendent  of  education  approves  the  application, 
the  special  certificate  may  then  be  renewed,  for  three-year 
periods,  so  long  as  the  holder  continues  to  be  a  successful 
teacher,  as  shown  by  the  success-grades,  and  such  special 
certificate  may  thereafter  be  accepted  by  county  superintend- 
ents of  education  in  other  counties.4 

1  This  would  naturally  defeat  the  requirement  of  college  graduation,  and 
offer  a  side  entrance  of  easier  access  than  the  main  front  entrance. 

1  This  subject  would  ordinarily  come  under  vocational  work. 

1  It  was  desired  to  limit  these  special  certificates  to  bona  fide  special  lines  of 
work. 

4  It  was  also  desired  to  provide  that  a  special  teacher  should  prove  thoroughly 
successful,  before  giving  him  much  liberty.  For  such  special  work  no  permanent 
certificates  were  felt  to  be  desirable. 


Revised  School  Code  171 

Sec.  192.  Health-officer's  certificate.  —  The  state  depart- 
ment of  education  may  also  grant  health-officers'  certificates, 
valid  for  three  years,  and  renewable  for  five-year  periods, 
under  the  conditions  stated  in  Sec.  138  of  this  Code,  and  to 
such  persons  as  satisfy  the  commissioner  of  education  that 
they  are  competent  to  direct  or  assist  in  directing  health-su- 
pervision in  the  public  schools  of  this  state. 

Sec.  193.  Librarian's  certificate.  —  The  state  department 
of  education  shall  provide  for  a  librarian's  certificate,  to  be 
issued  to  librarians  and  assistant  librarians,  as  required  by  the 
provisions  of  Sec.  87  of  this  Code ;  and  the  commissioner  of 
education,  together  with  the  state  librarian,  shall  formulate 
rules  and  regulations  for  the  issuance  of  such  certificates,  and 
the  accrediting  of  library  schools  for  the  training  required. 
All  such  certificates  shall  be  based  on  evidence  of  special 
training,  under  proper  conditions.  For  the  librarian's  certifi- 
cate this  shall  not  be  less  than  graduation  from  the  state 
library  school,  or  its  equivalent,  but  for  assistant  librarians 
a  smaller  amount  of  training  may  be  accepted. 

Sec.  194.  School-janitor's  certificate.  —  The  state  depart- 
ment of  education  shall  also  provide,  within  two  years, 
for  examinations  for  school-janitors'  certificates,  as  directed 
by  Sec.  135  of  this  Code,  and  the  commissioner  of  education 
shall  formulate  rules  and  regulations  for  such  examinations, 
which  shall  cover  such  subjects,  relating  to  the  proper  care 
of  school  buildings  and  the  work  and  services  of  a  school 
janitor,  as  such  persons  should  be  expected  to  know. 

H.  Provisional  Certificates 

Sec.  195.     County     superintendents     may     issue.  —  Any 

county  superintendent  of  education  may  issue  a  provisional 
certificate,  of  any  grade,  and  valid  pending  the  examination  of 
credentials  and  the  issuance  of  a  certificate,  if,  in  his  judgment, 
the  applicant  holds  credentials  which  should  entitle  the  per- 


172  Educational  Reorganization 

son  to  a  regular  certificate.1  Such  provisional  certificate  shall 
be  limited  in  validity  to  the  district  where  the  applicant  pro- 
poses to  teach,  and  shall  be  valid  only  until  the  state  depart- 
ment of  education  decides  the  case. 

I.  City- District  Certificates 

Sec.  196.  State  certificates  valid.  —  The  regular  state 
teachers'  certificates  shall  be  valid  for  teaching  in  any  city 
school-district  in  this  state,  and  all  city  examining  boards 
for  teachers'  certificates  are  hereby  abolished,2  to  take  effect 
July  i,  1915.  City  certificates  in  force  at  the  time  this  Code 
goes  into  effect  shall  continue  in  force  for  the  time  for  which 
they  were  issued,  and  may  be  renewed,  subject  to  the  limi- 
tations provided  by  Sec.  161  of  this  Code.  Any  city  school- 
district  may,  however,  vote  not  to  accept  any  second-grade 
elementary-school  certificates,  intermediate-school  certificates, 
or  second-grade  supervisory  certificates,  or  any  one  or  more 
of  such  certificates.3 

Sec.  197.  City-district  professional  examinations.  —  Any 
city  school-district  may,  however,  superimpose  an  extra 
professional  or  competitive  examination  on  top  of  the  re- 
quirement of  a  state  certificate  of  the  proper  grade,  and  may 
require  all  of  any  class  of  new  teachers  to  submit  to  such  extra 
test.  The  general  plan  for  such  extra  city  examinations  shall 
be  submitted  to  the  commissioner  of  education,  for  his  approval.4 

1  This  is  a  desirable  temporary  provision  to  prevent  delays  to  school  work. 

2  With  the  higher  state  standards  soon  to  be  in  force,  and  the  provision  for 
transference  of  city  certificates  into  state  certificates,  there  is  no  further  need 
for  city  certificates  or  city  examining  boards.     Such  are  a  useless  duplication 
of  effort.     But  few  of  our  cities  will  be  affected  by  this  change. 

3  The  refusal  to  accept  low-grade  certificates  is  a  legitimate  and  desirable 
privilege,  and  tends  to  raise  standards  throughout  the  state. 

4  This,  too,  is  a  desirable  grant  of  power,  and  should  be  availed  of  by  many 
of  our  cities.    The  only  object  of  having  the  commissioner  of  education  approve 
of  the  plans  proposed  is  to  see  that  such  plans  tend  to  strengthen  rather  than 
weaken  the  state  certificating  system. 


CHAPTER  XIV.    APPOINTMENT,   TENURE,   PAY, 
AND   PENSIONS  OF  TEACHERS 

ARTICLE  34.    APPOINTMENT  AND  TENURE 

Sec.  198.  By  whom  appointed.  —  Each  county  and  city 
board  of  education,  acting  on  the  recommendation  of  the 
county  or  city  superintendent  of  education,1  shall  appoint, 
promote,  transfer,  and  dismiss  all  special  and  regular  teachers, 
principals,  and  supervisors  under  their  jurisdiction,  subject 
to  the  provisions  of  this  article. 

Sec.  199.  Preliminary  appointments.  —  All  special  and 
regular  teachers,  principals,  and  supervisors  hereafter  ap- 
pointed, by  any  county  or  city  board  of  education,  shall  not 
be  appointed  for  a  term  extending  beyond  the  close  of  the 
fiscal  year  in  which  the  appointment  is  made,  and  thereafter 
the  reappointment  shall  be  annual  until  the  completion  of 
three  consecutive  years  of  service  as  a  teacher,  principal,  or 
supervisor,  in  the  city  or  county  school-district,2  after  which 
such  persons  shall  be  subject  to  the  provisions  of  Sec.  200  of 
this  Code.  All  such  persons  now  employed  in  any  county  or 
city  school-district,  who  will  have  been  employed  for  three 
years  of  consecutive  service  by  or  before  the  close  of  the  school 
year  1914-15,  or  any  date  thereafter,  shall  also  pass  under 
the  provisions  of  Sec.  200  of  this  Code  after  such  date.3 

1  This  places  on  each  superintendent  the  responsibility  for  the  character  of 
his  teaching  force.    With  the  new  type  of  supervision  to  be  provided  under  the 
new  county  organization,  the  superintendent  in  both  county  and  city  should 
have  this  responsibility. 

2  This  puts  the  county  on  the  same  basis  as  the  city,  each  now  being  a  unit. 

1  This  gives  every  board  and  their  superintendent  one  year  to  study  the  pres- 
ent teaching  force,  and  decide  what  ones  they  desire  to  place  on  the  permanent 
list. 

173 


174  Educational  Reorganization 

Sec.  200.  Indefinite  tenure.  —  All  teachers  who  have 
served  three  consecutive  years  of  service  in  any  school-dis- 
trict of  this  state,  by  or  after  the  close  of  the  school  year 
1914-15,  and  who  are  not  notified  as  provided  for  in  Sec. 
201,  shall  be  considered  as  thereafter  employed  on  indefinite 
tenure,  and  shall  continue  in  the  employment  of  such  county 
or  city  school-district  from  year  to  year,  without  election  or 
re-election  in  any  way,  unless  given  the  notice  of  termination 
of  contract  provided  for  in  Sec.  201  of  this  Code ;  or  dismissed 
for  cause,  under  the  provisions  of  Sec.  202  of  this  Code ;  or 
until  retired  under  the  provisions  of  article  36  of  this  Code; 
provided,  however,  that  no  teacher  of  any  kind,  principal, 
or  supervisor  can  be  continued  in  employment  who  does 
not  hold  a  valid  certificate,  or  whose  certificate  has  not 
been  validated  for  the  year,  as  required  by  Sec.  166  of  this 
Code.1 

Sec.  201.  Termination  of  contract.  —  Any  county  or  city 
board  of  education  may  terminate  such  indefinite  contract 
with  any  regular  or  special  teacher,  principal,  or  supervisor, 
at  the  close  of  any  school  year,  by  directing  the  superintendent 
of  education  to  serve  notice  on  such  person  that  the  board 
desires  to  terminate  the  contract,  for  reasons  to  be  stated  in 
the  notice,  at  the  close  of  the  school  year.  Such  notice  shall 
be  delivered  to  such  teacher,  principal,  or  supervisor  by  or 
before  the  last  day  in  which  the  school  such  person  is  employed 
in  is  in  session,  and  in  no  case  later  than  June  i  of  any  school 
year.  For  the  sufficiency  of  the  causes  stated  in  such  notice 
the  board  of  education  concerned  shall  be  the  sole  judge.2 

1  This  is  to  secure  some  evidence  of  professional  growth,  and  eliminates  the 
serious  objections  of  life  tenure.     Every  teacher  who  keeps  growing  will  con- 
tinue to  have  permanent  tenure ;   those  who  will  not  grow  should  not  have  it. 
Both  the  reading-circle  work  (see  Art.  37)  and  the  conditions  for  the  renewal 
of  certificates  (see  Art.  33)  tend  to  insure  professional  life  and  growth. 

2  No  one  is  better  able  to  pass  on  the  sufficiency  of  the  causes  for  dropping 
a  teacher  than  the  superintendent  and  board  combined.    Certainly  the  courts 


Revised  School  Code  175 

Sec.  202.  Causes  for  dismissal.  —  Any  county  or  city 
board  of  education  may  also  dismiss  any  teacher,  principal, 
or  supervisor,  at  any  time,  for  immorality,  incompetency, 
neglect  of  duty,  or  insubordination.  Such  charges  shall  be 
preferred  by  the  superintendent  for  the  district  concerned. 
The  person  so  charged  shall  be  notified  of  the  charges  and  their 
nature,  and  shall  be  given  a  hearing  by  the  board  of  educa- 
tion. If  the  board  deems  the  charges  to  have  been  substan- 
tiated, they  may  dismiss  the  person,  and  the  decision  of  the 
board  of  education  shall  not  be  subject  to  review  except  by 
the  state  commissioner  of  education,  on  appeal  as  provided 
for  in  Sec.  203. 

Sec.  203.  Appeal  from  decisions.  —  Any  person  so  dis- 
charged, under  the  provisions  of  Sec.  202,  may  appeal  from 
the  decision  to  the  state  commissioner  of  education,  who  shall 
examine  into  the  facts  of  the  case,  and  his  decision  on  the 
appeal  shall  be  final.1 

Sec.  204.  Tenure  of  superintendents.  —  The  tenure  and 
methods  for  the  dismissal  of  county  and  city  superintendents 
of  education  shall  be  as  provided  for  elsewhere  in  this  Code.2 
In  the  case  of  any  deputy  or  assistant  county  or  city  superin- 
tendent, the  board  of  education  may,  for  cause,  and  on  the 
recommendation  of  the  superintendent,  reassign  such  to  a 
different  type  of  supervisory  position,  at  any  time.3 

ought  not  to  interfere  here.  Both  the  superintendent  and  the  board  are  re- 
sponsible to  public  opinion  for  their  actions. 

1  Such  decisions  involve  educational  questions,  and  not  legal  ones,  and 
should  be  settled  by  educational  authorities.  The  courts  are  not  competent  to 
pass  on  the  character  of  the  proof  offered,  and  the  dismissal  of  incompetents 
is  practically  impossible  when  the  courts  have  such  power.  If  the  commissioner 
of  education  goes  beyond  his  powers  in  the  matter,  then  the  courts  can  of  course 
step  in  and  limit  him  to  his  powers  under  the  law. 

1  See  Arts.  5  and  9. 

*  An  assistant  superintendent  occupies  a  peculiarly  expert  and  somewhat 
confidential  relation,  and  his  tenure  of  the  position  must  not  be  allowed  to  stand 
in  the  way  of  efficient  school  supervision  and  control. 


176  Educational  Reorganization 

ARTICLE  35.    PAY  OF  TEACHERS 

Sec.  205.  A  merit  basis.  —  Each  county  and  city  board  of 
education  shall  work  out  and  apply,  within  two  years  after 
this  Code  goes  into  effect,  a  plan  under  which  the  salary  of 
teachers  and  principals  in  their  employ  shall  be  based  on 
merit,1  and  in  doing  so  shall  take  into  consideration  such 
items  as  training,  kind  and  grade  of  certificate  held,  success- 
grade,  length  of  service,  and  kind  and  grade  of  position.  The 
commissioner  of  education  shall  also  study  the  matter,  with 
a  view  to  advising  districts  as  to  the  best  plans  for  working 
out  such  merit  schedules,  and  the  state  board  of  education 
as  to  any  needed  rules  and  regulations  or  general  legislation 
on  the  subject.  Any  county  or  city  school-district,  desiring 
to  do  so,  may  pay  any  or  all  persons  engaged  in  their  educa- 
tional service  on  a  twelve-month,  instead  of  on  a  monthly 
basis. 

ARTICLE  36.    PENSIONS 

Sec.  206.  Plan  to  be  provided.  —  The  commissioner  of 
education  and  the  state  board  of  education  are  hereby  directed 
to  study  the  question  of  pensioning  teachers  by  the  state, 
and,  when  they  have  devised  some  feasible  plan,  to  report  on 
the  same,  in  the  form  of  a  law  or  laws,  to  the  general  assembly 
of  this  state.  The  plan  should  provide  for  retiring  pensions 
for  teachers,  principals,  supervisors,  superintendents,  and 
such  other  educational  employees  as  it  may  be  deemed  wise 
to  include.2  The  state  board  of  education  shall  also  report 

1  The  payment  of  all  alike,  for  the  same  grade  of  service,  with  distinctions 
based  only  on  the  number  of  years  of  service,  was  felt  by  all  the  commission  to 
be  fundamentally  unsound. 

2  This  plan  provides  now  only  for  retirement  pensions,  and  not  for  disability 
pensions  before  the  retiring  age  has  been  reached.     It  was  felt  by  all  that  two 
separate  matters  are  involved  in  considering  the  two,  and  that  the  retirement 
pensions  should  be  worked  out  first.    The  other  can  be  added  by  subsequent 
legislation. 


Revised  School  Code  177 

some  feasible  plan  for  absorbing  the  local  city-pension  sys- 
tems, now  in  existence  in  this  state,  into  the  state  pensioning 
system.1 

Sec.  207.  Basis  of  the  pensioning  plan.  —  The  pension 
plan  to  be  so  devised  and  reported  shall  be  based  on  the  fol- 
lowing principles : 2  — 

(1)  Compulsory  participation  and  contribution  on  the  part 
of  all  who  enter  the  service. 

(2)  Retirement  annuity  earned  by  the  contributions,  plus 
an  equal  amount  added  by  the  state. 

(3)  Withdrawal  equity  in  case  of  death,   or  permanent 
withdrawal. 

1  But  two  cities  in  Osceola  have  such,  and  it  was  felt  by  all  to  be  desirable 
that  these  should  be  gradually  absorbed  into  the  state  system,  so  as  not  only  to 
provide  a  uniform  plan  for  the  state,  but  also  to  make  an  interchange  of  teachers 
between  communities  easier. 

2  The  contributive  principle  was  felt  to  be  the  only  desirable  basis  upon  which 
the  state  should  engage  in  the  pensioning  business. 


CHAPTER  XV.    TRAINING  OF  TEACHERS   IN 
SERVICE 

ARTICLE  37.    READING-CIRCLES 

Sec.  208.  State  reading-circle  board.  —  The  commissioner 
of  education  shall  appoint  a  board  of  eight  persons,  which 
shall  include  two  county  superintendents  of  education,  two 
city  superintendents  of  education,  two  school  principals,  and 
two  teachers,  who,  with  himself,  shall  constitute  a  state  teach- 
ers' reading-circle  board.1  He  shall  classify  the  terms  of 
these  appointees  so  that  the  terms  of  two  members  shall  ex- 
pire each  year,  and  thereafter  he  shall  appoint  two  new  mem- 
bers each  year,  for  two-year  terms.  He  shall  also  fill  any 
vacancies  which  may  occur  in  the  membership  of  this  board, 
for  the  unexpired  term. 

Sec.  209.  Work  of  this  board.  —  The  state  teachers'  read- 
ing-circle board  shall  meet  annually,  at  the  call  of  the  com- 
missioner, to  adopt  reading-circle  books  for  the  use  of  the 
teachers  of  the  state  for  the  ensuing  year.  All  expenses  in- 
curred in  attending  this  meeting  shall  be  audited  and  paid 
by  the  secretary  of  the  state  board  of  education.  Five  differ- 
ent kinds  of  reading-circle  books  shall  be  adopted,  and  two 
books  of  each  kind,  as  follows : 2  — 

Two  books  intended  for  kindergarten  and  elementary-school 
teachers,  in  city  school-systems. 

1  It  was  desired  to  make  this  representative,  so  as  to  secure  the  best  advice 
and  assistance  from  all  types  of  school  workers. 

2  These  five  classes  of  teachers  and  supervisors  are  somewhat  distinct,  and  it 
was  desired  to  provide  separate  lines  of  required  reading  for  each.     Naturally 
principals  and  supervisory  officers  would  also  read  the  books  selected  for  their 
teachers. 

178 


Revised  School  Code  179 

Two  books  intended  for  elementary-school  teachers,  in 
rural  and  village  schools. 

Two  books  intended  for  teachers  in  secondary  schools. 

Two  books  intended  for  principals  and  other  supervisory 
officers. 

Two  books  intended  for  teachers  of  vocational  subjects. 

Sec.  210.  Contracts  for  books.  —  All  publishers  desiring 
to  have  books  adopted  for  use  in  the  reading-circles  of  the 
state  shall  submit  a  sufficient  number  of  copies  to  provide 
each  member  of  the  reading-circle  board  with  a  copy  of  each 
book,  and  shall  file  with  the  commissioner  of  education  an 
offer,  in  writing,  naming  the  price  and  the  conditions  under 
which  they  will  agree  to  contract  to  furnish  such  book  or  books 
for  use  in  the  reading-circles  of  this  state.  The  last  date  for 
submission  of  books  for  the  year  shall  be  fixed  by  the  com- 
missioner of  education,  and,  after  there  has  been  a  sufficient 
time  to  examine  the  books  submitted,  he  shall  call  a  meeting 
of  the  reading-circle  board  for  the  adoption  of  reading-circle 
books  for  the  ensuing  year.  After  adoption,  the  secretary 
of  the  state  board  of  education  shall  sign  contracts  with  the 
publishers  for  furnishing  such  books.  Teachers  in  private 
and  parochial  schools  may  purchase  any  book  adopted  on 
the  same  terms  as  public-school  teachers.1 

Sec.  211.  State  syllabus  to  be  issued.  —  For  each  book  so 
adopted  the  state  department  of  education  shall  prepare  and 
issue  a  brief  syllabus,  to  aid  in  the  study  of  the  same,  with 
questions  for  discussion,  based  on  the  same,  and  shall  dis- 
tribute a  sufficient  number  of  copies  of  such  to  each  county 
and  city  school-district  in  the  state  to  meet  all  needs.2  Teach- 
ers in  private  and  parochial  schools  shall  also  be  supplied  with 
such  syllabi,  free  of  charge,  upon  request. 

1  It  was  desired  to  encourage  such  to  do  the  same  work  and  become  as  much 
like  the  public-school  teachers  as  possible. 

*  It  was  felt  that  the  issuance  of  such  syllabi  would  do  much  to  give  point 
and  purpose  to  the  study  of  the  books. 


180  Educational  Reorganization 

Sec.  212.  Books  to  be  studied.  —  The  reading-circle  books 
so  adopted  are  to  be  studied  by  the  teachers  and  supervisors 
for  whom  they  are  intended,  and  the  books  are  to  be  considered 
and  discussed  in  the  teachers'  meetings  and  local  institutes  1 
provided  for  in  Art.  38  of  this  Code.  The  conductor  of  each 
teachers'  meeting  or  local  institute  shall  report  to  the  county 
superintendent  of  education  each  year,  by  or  before  the  date 
set  for  the  annual  state  reading-circle  examination,  his  grade 
for  each  teacher  under  his  charge,  based  on  such  teacher's 
interest  and  participation  in  the  reading-circle  work.  This 
grade  shall  be  known  as  the  "  reading-circle-work  grade." 

Sec.  213.  Reading-circle  examination.  —  Once  each  year, 
at  a  time  to  be  designated  by  the  commissioner  of  education, 
a  written  examination  shall  be  held  throughout  the  state, 
using  uniform  questions  prepared  by  the  state  department  of 
education,  and  based  on  the  reading-circle  books  for  the  year. 
Every  teacher  and  supervisory  officer,  except  such  as  are 
exempted  by  Sec.  216  of  this  Code,  will  be  expected  to  pass  an 
examination  on  the  two  books  adopted  for  the  class  to  which 
such  person  belongs.  The  commissioner  of  education  shall 
issue  rules  and  regulations  governing  these  examinations. 
The  answer  papers  shall  be  graded  under  the  direction  of  the 
county  or  city  superintendent  of  education  for  the  district 
concerned,  and  the  grade  made  on  this  examination  shall  be 
known  as  the  "  reading-circle-examination  grade." 

Sec.  214.  Success-grade  on  reading-circle  work.  —  In 
compiling  the  teacher's  success-grade  on  reading-circle  work, 
as  provided  for  by  Sec.  167  of  this  Code,  the  "  reading-circle- 
work  grade  "  and  the  "  reading-circle-examination  grade  " 
shall  be  added  together  and  averaged,  and  the  average  of  the 
two  shall  be  the  teacher's  grade  on  reading-circle  work  on  the 
yearly  success-card.  A  maximum  of  25  per  cent  for  the 

1  If  books  are  selected  which  are  well  adapted  to  the  different  classes  of 
teachers,  such  meetings  would  be  a  natural  place  for  their  study  and  discussion. 


Revised  School  Code  181 

reading-circle  work  shall  be  allowed  in  estimating  the 
teacher's  yearly  success-grade.1 

Sec.  215.  Validation  of  certificates  for  teaching.  —  In  the 
validation  of  certificates  and  diplomas  for  teaching,  as  re- 
quired each  year  by  Sec.  166  of  this  Code,  the  card  showing 
the  holder's  success-grade  for  the  preceding  year  must  be 
consulted,  and,  excepting  only  excepted  classes  provided  for 
by  Sec.  216  of  this  Code,  no  certificate  shall  be  validated  for 
teaching  where  the  success-card  does  not  show  some  grade 
for  the  reading-circle  work  of  the  preceding  year.2 

Sec.  216.  Exemptions  from  reading-circle  work.  —  The 
following  classes  are  exempted  from  the  provisions  of  this 
article,  with  reference  to  reading-circle  work :  — 

(1)  City  superintendents  of  schools,  and  deputy  city  super- 
intendents. 

(2)  County  superintendents  of  schools,  and  deputy  county 
superintendents.3 

(3)  New  teachers  in  the  state. 

(4)  Teachers  who  have  been  absent  from  work  the  preced- 
ing year,  for  travel  or  study. 

(5)  Such  other  classes  of  teachers  as  the  state  commissioner 
of  education,  by  general  rule,  may  direct.4 


1  The  other  75  per  cent  to  be  based  on  actual  instruction,  professional  in- 
terest and  activity,  and  success  in  management  and  discipline.  To  give  a 
maximum  of  25  per  cent  for  reading-circle  work  is  large  rather  than  small,  and 
ought  to  stimulate  professional  interest  in  the  reading-circle  work. 

1  The  grade  may  be  on  the  monthly  work  only,  or  on  the  examination  only, 
but  one  or  the  other  should  appear.  Some  grade  can  be  taken  to  mean  any 
low  grade,  but  the  fact  that  a  low  grade  might  interfere  with  the  renewal  of 
the  certificate  (see  Art.  34)  will  tend  to  make  teachers  try  to  secure  a  maximum 
grade  on  the  reading-circle  work. 

3  Such  will  have  to  conduct  the  discussion  during  the  year  and  the  examina- 
tions at  the  close  of  the  year,  and  may  be  assumed  to  do  the  work,  without  being 
tested  thereon. 

4  Such  as  teachers  of  plumbing  or  printing  in  a  trade  school,  or  of  illustrating 
or  salesmanship  in  an  evening  school  of  secondary  grade. 


1 82  Educational  Reorganization 

ARTICLE  38.    TEACHERS'  INSTITUTES 

Sec.  217.  Local  teachers'  meetings  and  institutes.  — 
Each  county  superintendent  of  education  shall  arrange  for 
the  holding  of  monthly  teachers'  meetings,  or  institutes,  at 
times  to  be  designated  by  himself.  For  this  purpose  the 
county  superintendent  may  district  his  county,  as  he  sees 
fit,  for  the  holding  of  such  local  meetings  or  institutes,  and 
shall  appoint  leaders  for  the  groups,  or  he  may  group  his 
teachers  as  to  kind  or  grade  of  work,  and  hold  separate  in- 
stitutes for  each  kind  or  grade.1  At  such  meetings  or  insti- 
tutes the  reading-circle  work,  the  courses  of  instruction,  and 
the  peculiar  work  and  needs  of  the  county  school-district 
shall  be  considered.2  Afternoon  or  evening  sessions,  for  the 
general  public  as  well  as  for  teachers,  may  also  be  included. 
Each  city  superintendent  of  education  shall,  similarly,  hold 
such  local  grade  or  teachers'  meetings  or  institutes  as  he  may 
see  fit,  for  the  consideration  of  the  reading-circle  work,  the 
courses  of  instruction,  and  the  peculiar  work  and  needs  of 
the  city  school-district.  Teachers,  principals,  and  super- 
visors will  be  expected  to  attend  the  meetings  or  institutes 
of  their  kind  or  grade,  as  directed  by  the  county  or  city  super- 
intendent. For  meetings  held  on  Saturdays,  with  full-day 
sessions,  an  extra  day's  pay  shall  be  allowed  each  teacher, 
principal,  or  supervisor  in  attendance. 

Sec.  218.  Annual  county  and  city  institutes.  —  Each  county 
superintendent  of  education  shall  also  hold  an  annual  county 

1  The  purpose  is  to  make  the  county  somewhat  like  the  city,  in  that  grade 
meetings,  meetings  of  second-class  subdistrict  teachers,  meetings  of  school 
principals,  or  of  teachers  of  agriculture  or  domestic  science  can  be  brought  to- 
gether as  needed,  and  also  that  a  series  of  local  institutes  for  all  teachers  (the 
county  being  divided  into  districts  for  the  purpose)  may  be  held  as  often  as 
need  be,  —  probably  one  Saturday  in  each  school  month. 

2  The  purpose  is  to  make  these  meetings  constructive  and  helpful,  and  to 
get  away  from  the  lecture  and  amusement  features  of  the  old  week-long  county 
teachers'  institute. 


Revised  School  Code  183 

teachers'  institute  of  all  teachers  in  the  county,  for  from  three 
to  ten  days,  the  same  to  be  held  near  the  beginning  of  the 
school  year,  and  either  before  or  after  the  date  of  opening.1 
Superintendents  of  education  in  cities  of  the  first  class  may 
hold  such  institute  separate,  in  whole  or  in  part,  from  the 
county  institute.2  For  the  expenses  of  conducting  this  in- 
stitute, each  county  or  city  board  of  education  shall  set  aside 
such  a  sum  as  may  be  necessary  properly  to  conduct  the 
institute.  Each  regularly  employed  teacher,  excepting  those 
exempted  by  Sec.  220,  will  be  expected  to  attend  such 
institute,  days  of  attendance  at  such  being  paid  for  as  extra 
days,  and  at  the  regular  rate  of  pay  for  each  person  attending. 

Sec.  219.  State  department  of  education  to  assist.  — 
The  commissioner  of  education,  the  heads  of  divisions,  and 
assistants  in  the  state  department  of  education  shall  render 
such  assistance  to  county  and  city  superintendents  of  educa- 
tion, in  planning  and  conducting  their  institutes,  as  may  be 
desired  and  as  may  be  practicable. 

Sec.  220.  State  district  institutes.  —  To  secure  more  ef- 
fective and  better-graded  institute  work,  the  commissioner 
of  education  may  call  special  district  institutes  each  year,  the 
districts  to  be  formed  by  grouping  two  or  more  counties,  or 
cities,  or  cities  and  counties,  and  calling  such  district  insti- 
tutes for  such  special  classes  of  teachers  or  supervisors  within 
such  district,  regular  elementary-school  teachers  excepted, 
as  he  may  designate,  and  for  the  consideration  of  problems 
closely  related  to  the  special  kind  of  work  in  which  such  teach- 
ers or  supervisors  are  engaged.3  On  notification,  all  teachers 

1  Probably  the  best  time  for  this  is  just  before  or  shortly  after  the  opening  of 
the  schools  in  the  county. 

2  The  cities  of  the  first  class,  with  largely  different  type  problems,  may  thus 
segregate  themselves  to  secure  better  results. 

3  These  district  institutes  ought  in  time  to  be  made  quite  a  feature  of  the 
work  in  this  state,  and  they  may  in  a  short  time  render  the  county  institute 
rather  unnecessary,  except  for  elementary-school  teachers.     District  institutes 


184  Educational  Reorganization 

or  supervisory  officers  of  the  class  called  will  be  expected  to 
attend  such  district-institute.  Each  day  of  attendance  at 
such  district-institutes  shall  be  paid  for,  as  provided  for  in 
Sec.  218,  and  county  or  city  superintendents  of  education  may, 
at  their  option,  excuse  those  who  have  attended  such  district- 
institutes  from  attendance  at  the  regular  annual  county  or  city 
teachers'  institute.1 

of  secondary-school  teachers  could  be  held  in  four  or  five  places  in  the  state ; 
kindergarten  teachers  in  three  or  four ;  school  principals  for  elementary  schools 
in  four  or  five  places ;  high-school  principals  in  one  place ;  teachers  of  deaf  and 
dumb  in  one ;  etc. 

1  This  is  a  step  in  the  direction  mentioned  in  the  preceding  footnote.  If  all 
secondary-school  teachers  attend  a  state  district-institute,  and  the  local  insti- 
tutes during  the  year,  they  could  be  excused  from  the  annual  county  institute 
in  the  fall.  It  was  deemed  wise  to  leave  optional  with  the  superintendent  the 
matter  of  relieving  all  such  persons  from  such  attendance  at  the  annual  county 
institute. 


TITLE  VI.    THE  OVERSIGHT   OF  THE   STATE 

CHAPTER   XVI.     STATE   OVERSIGHT  AND 
CONTROL 

ARTICLE  39.    THE  SCHOOL  CENSUS 

Sec.  221.  New  census  to  be  taken.  —  Each  county  and 
each  city  board  of  education  shall  provide  for  the  taking,  in 
the  month  of  June,  1915,  of  a  detailed  census1  of  all  chil- 
dren within  their  respective  school  districts  over  five  and 
under  eighteen  years  of  age.  The  census  required  for  May, 
1914,  under  the  old  school  law,  is  to  be  omitted.  Each  such 
census  shall  be  taken  under  the  general  direction  of  the  at- 
tendance-officer for  the  county  or  city  school-district,  and  shall 
include  the  following  data,  for  each  child  in  the  school  dis- 
trict : 2  - 

(a)  Name  of  child  (surname  first). 

(6)  Sex  of  child. 

(c)  Month,  day,  and  year  of  birth,  from  which  the  number 
of  years  old,  at  last  birthday,  is  also  to  be  set  down.  The 
authority  upon  which  the  age  is  taken  (word  of  parent; 

1  The  census  in  the  past  has  been  taken  in  May  of  each  year,  has  asked  for 
only  the  total  number  of  children  in  each  district  between  four  and  twenty 
years  of  age,  and  has  been  of  no  value  except  for  the  purpose  of  apportioning 
state  funds.     Now  that  a  better  basis  has  been  substituted  for  making  appor- 
tionments, there  is  no  further  need  for  the  old  type  of  census. 

2  The  new  school  census  is  for  the  purpose  of  enforcing  the  compulsory  edu- 
cation laws,  and  hence  asks  for  detailed  information  as  to  children  by  years  of 
age,  and  for  each  child.    The  first  census  is  not  to  be  taken  for  a  year,  as  it  was 
felt  necessary  to  provide  time  in  which  to  learn  how  to  work  the  new  plan,  and 
to  devise  final  forms  for  use.     The  census  of  1915  then  becomes  the  basis  for 
the  continuing  census,  provided  for  in  this  article. 

185 


1 86  Educational  Reorganization 

birth  certificate ;  baptismal  certificate ;  passport ;  etc.)  shall 
also  be  set  down.1 

(d}  Country  of  birth. 

(e)  Name  of  parent  (father  or  mother),  guardian,  or  other 
person  standing  in  parental  relation. 

(/)  Abode,  including  school-attendance  district,  postofS.ce 
address,  and,  if  in  cities,  street  and  number. 

(g)  Physical  condition  (good;  deaf;  dumb;  blind; 
crippled). 

(ti)  Mental  condition  (good ;  otherwise). 

(i)   School  attending  (public ;  private;  parochial). 

(j)   Position  in  school  (grade). 

(k)  Reason,  if  not  attending  school. 

(/)    If  employed,  where  and  how. 

(m)  Vaccination  certificate  record.2 

All  such  records  shall  be  made  and  kept  on  the  duplicate 
card  system,  and  according  to  such  forms  as  the  commissioner 
of  education  shall  prescribe.  One  set  of  cards,  of  one  color, 
shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  attendance  department ;  the  other 
set  of  cards,  of  a  different  color,  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the 
school  which  the  child  attends.3 

Sec.  222.  Tabulation  of  results.  —  The  required  data 
shall  be  collected  as  rapidly  as  possible  and  for  this  purpose 
the  attendance-officer  may  employ  such  extra  assistance  as 
the  board  of  education  may  approve.  All  such  data  shall 
be  sorted  and  tabulated  by  schools  or  attendance-districts, 
and  the  records  of  actual  school  attendance  at  each  public, 

1  The  basis  for  age  here  noted  is  to  avoid  in  part  later  requests  for  such  in- 
formation for  age-certificates  and  working-permits. 

1  It  will  naturally  require  some  little  work  to  take  such  a  census  for  the  first 
time,  but  afterwards  the  continuing  census  plan  will  be  relatively  easy  to  keep 
up,  and  relatively  inexpensive. 

3  The  card  system  is  the  only  really  useful  form,  as  it  is  then  easy  to  shift 
cards  from  box  to  box  and  from  school  to  school,  so  as  to  keep  the  records  ac- 
curate at  all  times. 


Revised  School  Code  187 

private,  or  parochial  school  shall  be  checked  up  with  the 
records  of  the  census.  In  the  annual  printed  reports,  required 
of  all  county  and  city  school-districts,  a  summary  of  the  results 
of  any  regular  census  taken,  or  of  the  continuing  census  pro- 
vided for  in  Sec.  223  of  this  Code,  shall  be  published  in 
such  form  as  will  show  the  number  of  children  for  each  year- 
age  belonging  to  each  school  or  attendance-district ;  the  num- 
bers for  each  year-age  attending  each  public,  private,  or  pa- 
rochial school  in  the  school-district ;  and  the  numbers  for  each 
year-age  not  attending  any  school.1 

Sec.  223.  A  continuing  census.  —  Following  the  census  of 
June,  1915,  each  board  of  education  and  attendance-officer 
shall  provide  thereafter  for  maintaining  a  permanent  and  a 
continuing  school  census,  and  of  such  a  form  that  there  shall, 
at  all  times,  be  in  the  possession  of  each  public  school  and 
each  county  or  city  attendance-officer  as  complete  a  card  list 
as  is  possible  of  all  the  'children,  within  the  age  limits  set  by 
Sec.  221,  residing  within  the  attendance  limits  of  such 
school  or  school  district.  When  any  child  attends  a  private 
or  parochial  school  instead  of  a  public  school,  such  fact  shall 
be  noted  on  the  school  and  office  sets  of  cards,  and  such  pri- 
vate or  parochial  school  shall  be  supplied  at  once,  free  of 
charge,  with  a  duplicate  card  covering  all  data  for  such 
child.2 

Sec.  224.  Maintaining  the  continuing  census.  —  After  the 
taking  of  the  school  census  of  June,  1915,  it  shall  be  the 

1  This  will  display  a  good  exhibit  of  both  possible  pupils  and  school  attend- 
ance, by  school  districts  and  by  types  of  schools,  and  will  have  some  meaning. 
The  old  plan  of  stating  that  there  were  261  children,  four  to  twenty  years  of  age,  in 
a  town  school-district,  and  115  in  the  (elementary)  school,  or  16,241  children  in 
a  city  school-district  and  8,946  in  all  the  schools,  were  almost  meaningless 
items. 

2  Perhaps  a  third  color  of  card  may  be  required  here.     It  is  the  intent  that 
all  private  and  parochial  schools  shall  have  complete  census-records  for  all  of 
their  pupils,  and  shall  cooperate  with  and  be  cooperated  with  for  census  and 
attendance,  on  the  same  basis  as  other  schools. 


1 88  Educational  Reorganization 

duty  of  every  parent,  guardian,  or  other  person  standing  in 
parental  relation  to  any  child  over  five  or  under  eighteen 
years  of  age,  to  notify  the  teacher  of  such  child,  or  the  attend- 
ance-officer of  the  school  district,  and  within  seven  days 
thereafter,  of  any  change  of  address  of  each  such  child  within 
the  district,  and,  if  the  change  is  to  another  school  district, 
to  notify  the  teacher  or  attendance-officer  of  both  the  district 
left  and  the  one  entered  as  to  such  changes  in  address.1  For 
each  failure  to  give  such  notice  a  fine  of  $5.00  may  be  imposed. 
Whenever  a  pupil,  within  the  census-age  limits,  is  transferred 
from  one  public  school  to  another  within  the  same  school- 
district,  or  to  another  school-district  in  this  state,  or  from  a 
public  to  a  private  or  parochial  school,  or  vice  versa,  he  or  she 
shall  be  given  a  duplicate  census  card,  to  be  presented  along 
with  his  transfer  card  or  other  school  record.  All  new  children 
entering  any  public,  private,  or  parochial  school,  who  present 
no  school-census  records,  shall  have  cards  made  out  for  them, 
one  copy  to  be  retained  by  the  school  and  one  to  be  forwarded 
to  the  office  of  the  school  attendance-officer  for  the  school- 
district.  A  new  partial  or  complete  census  may  be  taken  for 
any  school-attendance  district  or  districts,  or  for  the  school- 
district  as  a  whole,  whenever  in  the  judgment  of  the  attend- 
ance-officer and  the  superintendent  of  education  there  is  need 
for  such  a  recount.2 

Sec.  225.  Teachers  and  schools  must  cooperate.  —  All 
school  teachers,  principals,  and  supervising  officers  shall 
cooperate  with  the  attendance-officer  of  the  district  in  keeping 

1  This  may  be  a  little  difficult  to  enforce  at  first,  as  the  provision  is  new,  but 
with  time  it  was  felt  that  it  would  be  accepted,  and  not  cause  serious  difficulty. 
Sec.  226  makes  still  further  provision  for  keeping  track  of  families  in  the  larger 
cities.    This  will  provide  for  all  except  new  children  who  are  growing  up. 

2  This  may  be  necessary,  from  time  to  time,  in  different  attendance  districts. 
In  a  rapidly  changing  foreign  quarter  in  a  few  of  our  cities  it  may  be  necessary 
each  year ;  in  many  of  our  smaller  cities  it  will  not  be  necessary  of tener  than 
once  in  four  or  five  years. 


Revised  School  Code  189 

the  card-census  accurate,  and  shall  report  new  families  in 
the  district  or  children  in  the  school,  and  also  all  withdrawals 
from  the  school.1  Any  public-school  teacher  or  principal 
failing  or  refusing  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  this  sec- 
tion shall  be  reported  to  the  superintendent  of  education  as 
negligent,  and  any  private  or  parochial  school  authority  fail- 
ing or  refusing  to  comply  shall,  on  conviction,  be  fined  $5.00 
for  the  first  offense,  and  $10.00  for  each  subsequent  offense.2 
City  police  officers  shall  also  cooperate  with  the  attendance- 
officer,  by  notifying  him  of  changes  in  addresses,  and  of  new 
persons  within  the  district.  Each  board  of  education  shall 
supply  the  attendance-officer  with  sufficient  clerical  assistance 
to  enable  him  to  keep  his  records  accurate. 

Sec.  226.  Census  board  in  cities  of  the  first  class.  —  In 
all  city  school-districts  of  the  first  class  the  board  of  education 
shall,  and  in  other  city  school-districts  the  board  may  by  vote 
constitute  itself  a  school-census  board,  and  as  such  shall  have 
power  to  make  rules  and  regulations  for  the  better  carrying 
into  effect  of  the  provisions  of  this  article,  and  its  authority 
in  such  matters  shall  cover  the  whole  school  district.  Such 
board,  in  addition  to  making  rules  and  regulations  for  the 
betterment  of  the  census  work,  shall  also  have  power  to  require 
the  cooperation  of  the  police  in  any  way  thought  to  be  desir- 
able, and  tending  to  perfect  the  census ;  to  license  moving  and 
express  wagons,  and  to  require  them  to  report  all  families 
moved ;  to  require  landlords  to  report  all  changes  in  tenants ; 
and  to  provide  for  the  imposition  of  fines  for  failure  to  comply 
with  such  regulations.3 

1  Such  a  system  of  reporting  will  enable  the  attendance-officer  to  locate  new 
children,  and  will  serve  as  a  check  on  the  reports  of  the  heads  of  families. 

1  It  was  felt  that  these  penalties  were  necessary  to  insure  active  cooperation 
on  the  part  of  all. 

1  It  is  in  the  larger  cities  that  the  greatest  difficulty  is  experienced  in  keeping 
the  school-census  accurate,  and  the  creation  of  such  a  board  was  to  insure  a 
better  compliance  with  the  provisions  of  the  school-census  law. 


190  Educational  Reorganization 


ARTICLE  40.    COMPULSORY  EDUCATION 

Sec.  227.  Age  limits  and  exemptions.  —  All  children  in  this 
state,  who  are  eight  years  of  age  or  over  and  under  sixteen 
years  of  age,  shall  be  required  to  attend  a  public  school  for 
the  full  term  for  which  the  public  schools  of  the  district  in 
which  the  child  resides  are  in  session ;  provided,  that  any  child 
who  shall  become  eight  years  of  age  within  two  months  of  the 
time  set  for  the  beginning  of  a  school  term  shall  be  expected 
to  begin  school  at  the  beginning  of  such  term ;  and  provided, 
further,  that  the  following  classes  of  children  may  be  exempted 
from  the  requirements  of  this  section :  — 

(a)  Children  who  are  physically  or  mentally  incapacitated 
for  attendance  at  any  of  the  schools  provided  by  the  school 
district.     In  all  such  cases  a  certificate  to  this  effect  by  a 
competent  physician,  stating  the  cause  of  such   disability, 
shall  be  filed. 

(b)  Children  who  are  blind,  deaf,  dumb,  or  feebleminded, 
for  the  instruction  of  whom  no  adequate  provision  has  been 
made  by  the  school  district,  and  who  are  not  of  institutional 
age  or  character. 

(c)  Children  under  nine  years  of  age,  who  reside  more  than 
two  miles,  and  children  over  nine  who  reside  more  than  three 
miles,  by  the  nearest  traveled  road,  from  a  school,  and  for 
whom  transportation  has  not  been  provided.1 

(d)  Children  over  fourteen  and  under  sixteen  years  of  age, 
who  have  completed  the  eighth  school  grade,  and,  after  1916, 
the  ninth  school  grade,  or  the  equivalent  of  such  in  a  non- 
state  school.2 

1  There  are  a  number  of  such  now  in  this  state,  but  with  the  county  reorgan- 
ization provided  for  by  Art.  6,  and  the  provisions  for  transportation,  there 
should,  in  a  few  years,  be  very  few  such. 

1  It  is  contemplated  that,  in  a  few  years,  intermediate  schools,  vocational 
schools,  industrial  schools,  and  the  rural  and  village  consolidated  schools  will 


Revised  School  Code  191 

(e)  Children  over  fourteen  years  of  age  who  have  completed 
the  eighth  school  grade,  or  who  have  spent  eight  years  in 
school  and  have  completed  at  least  the  sixth  school  grade,1 
and  upon  whose  labor  the  attendance-officer  is  convinced 
that  an  aged  or  infirm  parent,  or  other  person  standing  in 
parental  relation,  is  dependent  for  support,  and  whom  the 
attendance-officer  is  also  convinced  is  strong  enough  to  engage 
in  the  form  of  labor  for  which  a  working-permit  is  re- 
quested. 

(/)  Children  who  are  being  properly  instructed  by  a  private 
tutor,  or  at  home  by  a  competent  person,  in  such  subjects 
of  instruction  as  are  taught  in  the  public  schools  to  pupils 
of  such  age  and  advancement,  and  who  from  time  to  time 
satisfy  the  principal  of  the  public  school  of  their  attendance 
district,  or  the  superintendent  of  education,  that  satisfactory 
progress  is  being  made. 

(g)  Children  temporarily  prevented  from  attendance  by 
reason  of  quarantine,  sickness,  an  unusual  storm  which  has 
destroyed  roads  or  bridges  or  made  the  regular  means  of 
travel  dangerous,  or  other  unusual  causes,  acceptable  to  the 
school  authorities. 

Occasional  absences  from  such  attendance,  not  exceeding 
one  school  day  per  month,  and  not  covered  by  any  of  the  fore- 
going exemptions,  may  be  allowed,  upon  satisfactory  excuse, 
by  the  school  authorities. 

All  children  excused  from  attendance  under  any  of  the 
exemptions  of  this  section  must  present  proper  evidence  for 
such  excuse,  in  person  or  through  a  parent  or  other  person 
standing  in  parental  relation,  to  the  attendance-officer  for 
the  school-district,  or  to  a  principal  or  teacher  of  a  public 
school  within  the  school-district,  so  that  the  same  may  be 

provide  a  ninth  year  quite  generally.     For  children  leaving  the  schools  with 
the  ninth  grade,  this  last  year  should  be  strongly  vocational. 
1  This  provides  for  repeaters  in  the  grades. 


192  Educational  Reorganization 

properly  approved  by  the  attendance-officer  and  entered  on 
the  records  of  both  the  school  and  the  attendance-officer.1 

Sec.  228.  Attendance  at  other  than  public  schools.  — 
Any  child  within  the  compulsory  school  ages  may  comply 
with  the  provisions  of  the  preceding  section  by  attending  a 
private  or  a  parochial  school,  instead  of  a  public  school,  pro- 
vided the  same  has  been  approved  for  such  attendance,  as 
provided  for  by  Sec.  252  of  this  Code,  and  provided  such 
school  continues  to  cooperate  with  the  public-school  authori- 
ties in  all  matters  relating  to  census  records  and  attendance. 
Attendance  at  such  schools  shall  be  for  a  term  each  year  at 
least  as  long  as  that  of  the  public  schools  of  the  district ;  for 
at  least  as  many  hours  each  day  as  are  required  of  children 
of  like  age  at  public  schools;  and  with  no  greater  amount 
of  holidays  or  vacations  deducted  from  such  attendance  dur- 
ing the  period  such  attendance  is  required  than  is  allowed  in 
the  public  schools  to  children  of  like  age.  Occasional  absences 
from  such  attendance,  not  amounting  to  irregular  attendance 
in  the  fair  meaning  of  the  term,  shall  be  allowed  upon  such 
excuses  as  would  be  accepted  by  the  public-school  authorities 
in  like  cases,  and  under  the  general  rules  and  practices  of  the 
schools  of  the  district. 

Sec.  229.  Duty  of  person  in  parental  relation.  —  Every 
parent  or  person  in  parental  relation  to  a  child  within  the 
compulsory  school  ages,  and  not  properly  excused  from  at- 
tendance at  school  for  some  one  or  more  of  the  exemptions 
provided  for  by  Sec.  227  of  this  Code,  shall  require  such  child 
to  attend  school  regularly  during  the  full  time  the  public 
schools  are  in  session,  and,  on  conviction  for  failure  to  do  so, 
shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  shall  be  liable 
to  a  fine  of  from  $1.00  to  $10,  or  imprisonment  of  not  more 

1  This  requires  a  proving-up  as  a  basis  for  any  exemption.  It  is  not  intended 
that  this  should  be  made  difficult  of  accomplishment,  but  proper  records  require 
it. 


Revised  School  Code  193 

than  five  days  in  jail  for  the  first  offense,  and  not  less  than 
$10  nor  more  than  $25,  and  not  less  than  five  nor  more  than 
ten  days  in  jail,  or  both,  for  each  subsequent  offense;  pro- 
vided, however,  that  if  any  person  in  parental  relation  to  any 
child  within  the  compulsory  school  ages  shall  present  proof, 
by  affidavit,  that  he  or  she  is  unable  to  compel  such  child 
to  attend  school,  said  person  in  parental  relation  shall  be 
exempt  from  the  above  penalties  as  regards  the  subsequent 
non-attendance  of  such  child,  and  such  child  may  then  be 
deemed  an  habitual  truant,  and  subject  to  commitment  to  a 
parental-home  school,  as  provided  for  by  Sec.  236  of  this  Code. 

Any  person  who  induces  or  attempts  to  induce  a  child  of 
the  compulsory  school  age  to  absent  himself  unlawfully  from 
school,  or  who  employs  or  harbors  a  child  while  school  is  in 
session,  shall  be  liable  to  similar  fines. 

Sec.  230.  All  schools  to  report.  —  At  the  beginning  of 
each  school  term  each  public  school  must  check  up  its  census 
cards  and  report  to  the  office  of  the  school  attendance-officer 
all  pupils  of  the  compulsory-attendance  ages,  supposedly  be- 
longing to  its  attendance  district,  and  not  in  attendance  at 
the  school,  as  well  as  all  new  pupils  not  previously  in  attend- 
ance.1 As  soon  as  possible  thereafter  the  school  attendance- 
officer  shall  investigate  each  case  of  absence,  and  shall  notify 
the  school  if  the  pupil  is  in  attendance  at  any  other  school, 
public,  private,  or  parochial,  and  each  shall  perfect  the  census 
records  accordingly,  as  required  by  Art.  39  of  this  Code. 
Thereafter,  each  school  shall  report  at  once  to  the  school 
attendance-officer  for  the  district  any  unexplained  absence  on 
the  part  of  any  pupil,  and  any  new  pupils  entering  or  old 
pupils  withdrawing  from  the  school,  and  all  cases  of  unex- 
plained absence  shall  be  investigated  at  once,  and  the  reasons 

1  This  aims  to  make  the  school-census  records  of  some  real  use  to  each  school, 
whereas  heretofore  they  have  been  of  no  value.    This  section  also  imposes  the 
duty  on  each  school  principal  of  putting  them  to  use. 
o 


194  Educational  Reorganization 

therefor  reported  back  to  the  school  reporting  the  absence. 
Teachers  or  principals  failing  or  refusing  to  make  proper 
reports  shall  be  reported  as  negligent  to  the  superintendent  of 
education,  by  the  attendance  officer. 

Sec.  231.  Private  and  parochial  schools  to  cooperate.  — 
All  private  and  parochial  schools,  approved  for  the  attendance 
of  pupils  within  the  compulsory-attendance  ages,  must  likewise 
cooperate  fully  with  the  public  school  authorities  in  the  matter 
of  census  records  and  the  enforcement  of  the  compulsory  edu- 
cation law,  reporting  promptly  full  lists  of  all  pupils  in  attend- 
ance, and  pupils  entering  and  leaving,  to  the  office  of  the 
school  attendance-officer,  as  a  condition  of  continuing  to  be 
approved  for  school  attendance  of  children  of  the  compulsory- 
attendance  ages.1  To  this  end  the  school  attendance-officer 
for  the  public-school  district  shall  also  act,  without  any  extra 
pay,  and  in  the  same  manner  as  for  the  public  schools,  and  as 
fully  and  freely,  as  the  school  attendance-officer  for  each 
private  and  parochial  school  within  the  school-district ;  each 
teacher  in  each  such  school  shall  keep,  in  proper  form,  the 
regular  public-school  class-room  register,  as  required  by  Sec. 
254  of  this  Code,  and  this  shall  be  open  for  inspection  at  any 
time  by  the  public  school-attendance  authorities;  and  each 
such  school  must  also  daily  report,  to  the  office  of  the  school 
attendance-officer  of  the  public-school  district,  all  cases  of 
unexcused  absence,  and  according  to  the  same  rules  and  regu- 
lations as  required  for  public  schools.  Any  private  or  paro- 
chial school  failing  or  refusing  to  comply  with  the  provisions 
of  this  section  shall  be  fined  $5.00  for  the  first  offense,  and 
$10  for  each  subsequent  offense,  and  may  also  have  its  ap- 
proval for  the  attendance  of  children  within  the  compulsory- 

1  This  puts  the  private  and  the  parochial  schools  on  the  same  plane  as 
public  schools  in  the  matter  of  school  attendance,  and  also  not  only  extends  to 
them  the  public  facilities  for  enforcing  attendance,  but  further  requires  the 
acceptance  of  such. 


Revised  School  Code  195 

attendance  ages  revoked  by  the  board  of  education  for  the 
district. 

Sec.  232.  Attendance-officer  to  enforce.  —  The  attendance- 
officer  for  the  school  district  shall  have  full  charge  of  the 
enforcement  of  the  provisions  of  this  article,  and  he  shall  im- 
mediately investigate,  in  person,  through  his  deputies,  or 
through  principals,  teachers,  school  nurses,  or  by  such  other 
means  as  may  seem  most  feasible,1  all  cases  of  unexcused 
absences  from  school,  and  all  charges  of  failure  to  enforce  at- 
tendance made  against  schools,  or  against  persons  in  parental 
relations  to  children  within  the  compulsory-attendance  ages 
within  his  district.  In  case  the  provisions  of  this  article  have 
been  violated  by  any  school  or  person,  and  satisfactory  assur- 
ances are  not  given  for  the  future,  he  shall  make  and  file  in  the 
proper  court  a  criminal  complaint  against  such  school  or  per- 
son, charging  such  violation,  and  shall  see  that  such  charge 
is  prosecuted  by  the  proper  authorities.  He  shall  also  have 
power  to  administer  oaths,  to  make  complaints,  and  to  serve 
legal  processes  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  this  article. 

Sec.  233.  Arrest  of  truants.  —  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  each 
attendance-officer,  or  his  deputies,  to  arrest  during  school 
hours,  and  without  warrant,  any  child  within  the  compulsory- 
attendance  ages,  not  previously  exempted  from  attendance 
at  a  school,  found  away  from  his  home,  or  who  has  been  re- 
ported to  him  by  the  proper  school  authorities  as  absent  with- 
out known  excuse  from  the  instruction  he  is  lawfully  required 
to  attend.  Any  peace-officer  or  school-officer  may,  similarly, 
take  such  child  into  custody,2  and  such  child  shall  be  delivered 
forthwith  either  to  the  school  from  which  he  is  then  a  truant, 
or  to  the  person  standing  in  parental  relation  to  such  a  child ; 

1  The  intent  here  is  that  the  school  attendance-officer  shall  use  any  feasible 
means  for  securing  the  results  aimed  at,  and  may  cooperate  with  other  branches 
of  the  school  service  or  with  charity  organizations  in  securing  information. 

*  This  is  a  desirable  cooperation. 


196  Educational  Reorganization 

or,  if  such  child  has  been  declared  to  be  a  habitual  truant  or  a 
habitual  school-offender,  he  may  be  taken  at  once  before 
the  proper  authorities  for  commitment  by  them  to  a  parental- 
home  school.  All  such  arrests  shall  be  reported  promptly 
to  the  office  of  the  school-attendance  officer  for  the  district, 
and  entered  on  the  records. 

Sec.  234.  Definition  of  habitual  truant  and  school-offender. 
—  Any  child  within  the  compulsory  school-ages  shall  be 
deemed  a  truant  who  shall  have  been  absent  from  school, 
without  a  satisfactory  excuse,  for  three  school  days,  or  tardy, 
without  satisfactory  excuse,  more  than  four  times  during  any 
school  term,  any  absence  for  part  of  a  day  being  regarded  as  a 
tardiness.  The  parent  or  person  in  parental  relation  to  such 
child  shall  then  be  notified  that  the  child,  by  reason  of  such 
unexcused  absences  or  tardinesses,  has  become,  in  name,  a 
truant  from  school.  Any  child  who  has  once  been  reported 
as  a  truant  and  who  is  again  absent  from  school,  without  satis- 
factory excuse,  for  one  or  more  days,  or  tardy  without  satis- 
factory excuse,  may  be  regarded  as  a  habitual  truant,  and,  un- 
less satisfactory  assurances  for  the  future  are  given,  may 
then  be  brought  before  the  proper  authority  for  commitment 
to  a  parental-home  school.1 

A  child  within  the  compulsory-attendance  ages  may  also 
be  classed  as  a  habitual  truant,  without  the  notices  required 
above,  who  may  be  found  wandering  about  in  the  streets  or 
public  places  of  any  city  or  town,  having  no  lawful  occupa- 
tion, habitually  not  attending  school,  and  growing  up  in 
ignorance  and  idleness,  and  may  be  taken  into  custody  by 
any  attendance-officer  and  brought  before  the  proper  authori- 
ties for  commitment  to  a  parental-home  school.2 

1  Perhaps  this  gives  rather  large  leeway,  but  such  was  felt  to  be  desirable 
by  many  members  of  the  commission.    This  gives  the  school  plenty  of  oppor- 
tunity to  exercise  its  influence,  before  committing  the  child  as  a  habitual  truant. 

2  This  class  will  perhaps  be  more  common  than  the  other  class,  and  these  the 
attendance-officer  may  take  up  at  once. 


Revised  School  Code  197 

Any  child  within  the  compulsory-attendance  ages  who  shall 
be  insubordinate,  disorderly,  vicious,  or  immoral  in  conduct, 
or  who  persistently  violates  the  reasonable  rules  and  regula- 
tions of  the  school  which  he  attends,  or  who  otherwise  per- 
sistently misbehaves  therein,  so  as  to  render  himself  a  fit 
subject  for  exclusion  therefrom,  may  be  deemed  a  habitual 
school-offender,  and,  unless  placed  on  probation  after  a  hear- 
ing before  the  superintendent  of  education,  shall  be  committed 
to  a  parental-home  school.1 

Sec.  235.  Parental-home  schools.  —  Each  city  of  the  first 
class  must  maintain  a  parental-home  school  for  the  care  of 
truants  and  school-offenders,  and  each  city  of  the  second  class 
and  each  county  school-district  must  also  maintain  such  school, 
separately  or  in  conjunction ;  though  two  or  more  city  or 
county  school-districts  may  unite  in  the  maintenance  of  such 
a  school,  or  either  may  contract  with  the  other  for  the  care 
of  its  habitual  truants  and  habitual  school-offenders  in  a 
parental-home  school.2  If,  within  two  years  after  the  taking 
effect  of  this  Revised  School  Code,  any  school  district  in  this 
state  shall  not  have  made,  or  shall  not  be  able  to  make,  satis- 
factory arrangements  for  such  parental-home-school  facili- 
ties, the  commissioner  of  education  shall  then  have  power, 
after  investigating  the  matter,  to  order  the  establishment 
of  such  a  school  by  any  school-district  or  districts,  or  to 
require  a  district  having  such  a  school  to  receive,  on  satisfac- 

1  The  power  to  commit  to  the  parental  school  is  the  new  feature  which  will 
render  hearings  before  the  superintendent  effective  in  all  ordinary  cases  of  mis- 
behavior. In  the  past  there  has  been  nothing  to  do  but  to  expel  habitual  offen- 
ders, except  in  the  three  cities  having  parental-home  schools.  Probation  now, 
with  commitment  to  the  parental-home  school  for  failure  to  observe  the  condi- 
tions of  the  probation,  will  be  far  more  effective. 

1  The  purpose  here  is  to  insure  that  every  school-district  shall  either  maintain, 
help  to  maintain,  or  make  contracts  with  a  school  district  maintaining  a  paren- 
tal-home school,  to  care  for  its  children  who  are  habitual  truants  or  school- 
offenders. 


198  Educational  Reorganization 

tory  terms,  the  truant  and  offending  pupils  from  another 
district.1 

Such  a  school  may  be  established  separately,  or  a  room  or 
rooms  for  such  may  be  set  aside  in  a  public-school  building. 
Such  schools  shall  be  of  elementary-school  grade,  or  elemen- 
tary- and  intermediate-school  grades  combined,  and  the  in- 
struction therein  shall  be  partly  vocational.  Such  schools 
shall  be  maintained  for  the  instruction  and  reformation  of 
truant  and  offending  children,  but  no  pupil  shall  be  committed 
to  or  required  to  attend  such  a  school  except  as  provided  for 
by  the  provisions  of  this  article.  Each  school  shall  be  taught 
by  teachers  holding  regular  teachers'  certificates  of  the  re- 
quired grade,  and  boards  of  education  may  make  rules  and 
regulations,  not  inconsistent  with  law  or  the  rules  and  regu- 
lations of  the  state  board  of  education,  for  the  detention,  main- 
tenance, and  instruction  of  pupils  in  such  schools,  and  may 
also  require  parents,  who  are  able  to  do  so,  to  contribute  to 
the  cost  of  maintaining  in  such  schools  the  children  to  whom 
they  stand  in  parental  relation,  but  not  including  the  cost  of 
instruction.2 

Sec.  236.  Commitment  to  a  parental-home  school.  - 
Any  child  who  has  become  a  habitual  truant,  as  denned  by 
Sec.  234  of  this  Code,  or  any  child  complained  against  as  a 
habitual  school-offender,  may  be  brought  before  the  county 
or  city  superintendent  of  education  for  the  district  concerned, 
or  an  assistant  superintendent  designated  by  him  for  the  pur- 
pose, for  a  hearing.  The  parent  or  person  standing  in  parental 
relation  to  the  child  shall  be  given  reasonable  notice  as  to  the 

1  This  is  to  prevent  the  stranding  of  districts  which  hardly  need  a  school  of 
their  own.    The  best  arrangement,  in  most  cases,  will  be  the  maintenance  of 
one  parental  school  for  the  whole  county,  and  located  outside  of  the  central 
city,  but  toward  the  support  of  which  all  school-districts  in  the  county  contribute. 

2  That  is,  if  the  parent  is  able,  he  may  be  made  to  pay  the  cost  of  board  and 
lodging  at  such  a  school  as  a  contribution  to  the  cost  of  his  own  failure  to  control 
his  child. 


Revised  School  Code  199 

time  of  such  hearing.  If  convinced  of  the  wisdom  of  com- 
mitting such  child  to  the  parental-home  school,  and  if  the 
parent  or  person  standing  in  parental  relation  to  such  child 
consents,  the  superintendent  of  education  or  assistant  super- 
intendent of  education  before  whom  the  hearing  is  held  may 
then  issue  an  order  for  such  child  to  be  committed  to  the 
parental-home  school  for  such  a  period,  definite  or  indefinite, 
as  may  be  determined  upon.  The  purpose  of  such  commit- 
ment being  the  reformation  of  the  child,  the  superintendent 
of  education  may,  at  any  time  thereafter,  parole  such  pupil 
and  allow  him  or  her  to  return  to  the  regular  school  class,  on 
condition  of  good  behavior  for  the  remainder  of  the  school 
year.  Should  the  child  fail  to  observe  the  conditions  of  the 
parole,  he  or  she  may  be  ordered  returned  to  the  parental- 
home  school.1 

Should  the  parent  or  the  person  standing  in  parental  rela- 
tion be  unwilling  to  consent  to  the  commitment,  the  superin- 
tendent may  then  order  the  case  taken  before  the  judge  of 
the  juvenile  court,  if  there  be  such,  or  before  a  justice  of  the 
peace  or  a  county  judge,  who  shall  immediately  give  hearing 
to  the  case.  If  convinced,  upon  the  hearing  of  the  complaint, 
that  the  charge  is  sustained,  the  court  shall  render  judgment 
committing  the  child  to  the  parental-home  school  for  such 
time,  not  exceeding  the  remainder  of  the  current  school  year, 
as  the  court  may  subsequently  determine,  acting  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  principal  of  the  parental-home  school  and 
the  superintendent  of  education.2 

If,  within  three  days,  the  parent  or  person  standing  in 
parental  relation  shall  execute  a  satisfactory  bond  in  the  sum 

1  This  makes  the  hearing  of  the  case  an  educational  matter,  in  the  first  in- 
stance, and  insures  a  careful  and  considerate  handling  of  the  case,  and  with- 
out unnecessary  publicity.  The  superintendent  of  schools  becomes  the  judge, 
with  power  to  put  on  probation,  sentence,  and  parole. 

'This  gives  a  legal  form  of  commitment  for  objecting  parents,  but  leaves 
the  parole  in  the  hands  of  the  school  authorities. 


2OO  Educational  Reorganization 

of  $250,  with  sufficient  securities,  conditioned  that  such  child 
will,  during  the  remainder  of  the  current  school  year,  regu- 
larly attend  school  and  not  be  insubordinate  or  disorderly, 
the  court,  on  approving  the  bond,  may  order  the  same  filed 
with  the  secretary  of  the  board  of  education,  and  may  parole 
the  pupil.  Should  the  pupil  fail  to  keep  the  conditions  of  his 
parole,  the  bond  shall  then  be  declared  forfeited,  the  child  may 
again  be  committed  to  the  parental-home  school,  and  the  board 
of  education  may,  at  any  time  within  one  year,  have  execution 
issued  against  the  sureties  to  collect  the  amount  of  the  bond. 

All  such  hearings  shall  be  conducted  as  expeditiously, 
quietly,  and  informally  as  may  be,  and  without  fees  of  any 
kind.1  The  confinement  of  the  child  in  the  parental-home 
school  shall  be  conducted  with  a  view  to  the  improvement 
of  the  child  and  his  restoration,  as  soon  as  practicable,  to  the 
school  which  such  child  would,  if  not  so  confined,  be  required 
to  attend. 

Sec.  237.  Paroled  children.  —  All  children  placed  on 
their  good  behavior,  under  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  article, 
and  all  children  paroled  from  attendance  at  the  parental- 
home  school,  shall  be  under  the  general  supervision  of  the 
school  attendance-officer  for  the  district,  and  may  be  required 
to  report  to  him,  from  time  to  time.  He  shall  also  have  charge 
of  the  administration  of  the  poor-relief  work,  provided  for 
by  Sec.  238  of  this  Code ;  and  of  the  granting  of  the  working- 
permits  provided  for  in  the  next  article  of  this  Code. 

Sec.  238.  Poor-relief  for.  —  In  case  it  is  claimed  that  the 
earnings  from  labor  of  any  child  who  has  completed  the  work 
of  the  sixth  school  grade,  and  is  under  fourteen  years  of  age,2 

1  The  hearing  should  be  as  simple  and  as  private  as  may  be,  to  save  the  child 
unnecessary  humiliation  and  disgrace.     No  lawyer  is  needed,  and  none  should 
be  admitted  to  the  hearing. 

2  Some  of  the  commission  desired  also  to  include  all  children  between  four- 
teen and  sixteen  and  who  had  not  completed  the  eighth  grade,  but  it  was  finally 
decided,  for  the  present,  to  require  only  what  is  here  stated. 


Revised  School  Code  201 

are  needed  for  the  support  of  an  aged  or  infirm  parent,  or  other 
person  standing  in  parental  relation  to  the  child,  and  a  work- 
ing-permit for  such  child  is  requested,  the  attendance-officer 
shall  carefully  investigate  each  such  case,  in  person  or  through 
deputies,  school-nurses,  or  special  charity-organization  inves- 
tigators. If  he  finds  the  case  to  be  a  true  case  of  need,  and 
no  work  suited  to  the  strength  and  capacities  of  the  child  and 
within  the  provisions  of  Art.  41  of  this  Code  can  be  found, 
by  means  of  which  the  child  may  remain  in  school  and  earn 
the  necessary  amount,  he  shall  then  refuse  the  working-permit 
and  direct  the  payment  to  the  parent,  or  other  person  stand- 
ing in  parental  relation  to  the  child,  and  who  is  actually  de- 
pendent on  the  child's  labor  for  support,  such  a  weekly  sum 
as  he  shall  adjudge  to  be  necessary  for  such  support,  though 
in  no  case  to  exceed  the  estimated  weekly  earnings  of  such 
child  at  permitted  forms  of  labor,  and  for  such  a  period  of 
time  as  he  may  deem  wise.1  All  such  payments  shall  be  made, 
on  his  written  order,  from  the  county  poor-relief  funds.  He 
may  also  put  such  restrictions  around  the  expenditure  of  such 
grants  as  he  may  deem  wise ;  shall  require  an  itemized  state- 
ment of  expenditures ;  and  shall  place  the  parent,  or  the  per- 
son standing  in  parental  relation  to  the  child,  and  for  whose 
benefit  such  grants  are  made,  under  the  parole  provisions  of 
Sec.  237  of  this  Code.2 

The  school-attendance  officer  may  also,  after  similar  investi- 
gation, order  shoes  or  clothing  provided  from  the  poor-relief 
funds  for  any  child  within  the  compulsory  school-ages  and 
for  whom  such  provision,  at  public  expense,  is  a  necessity  to 
enable  such  child  to  attend  school. 

Sec.  239.  Blind,  deaf,  and  dumb  children.  —  All  blind 
children,  and  all  children  who  are  deaf  or  dumb  or  both,  and 

1  The  need  of  the  parent  is  thus  recognized,  without  the  future  citizen  of  the 
state  being  compelled  to  forego  his  birthright. 

*  This  is  a  necessary  precaution,  to  prevent  pure  grafting  on  the  poor-relief 
funds. 


202  Educational  Reorganization 

who  have  reached  the  age  of  twelve  years,  and  for  whose 
education  no  local  school  provision  has  been  made,  and  who 
are  not  being  educated  privately  or  at  home,  shall  be  required 
to  be  sent,  for  blind  children,  to  the  State  School  for  the 
Blind  at  Tioga  Rapids,  and  for  deaf  and  dumb  children  to 
the  State  School  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  at  Indian  Creek. 
Provisions  for  their  admission  and  maintenance  shall  be  as 
provided  for  in  the  laws  establishing  and  governing  these 
institutions.1 

ARTICLE  41.    CHILD  LABOR 

Sec.  240.  When  children  must  not  work.  —  No  child 
under  sixteen  years  of  age  shall  be  permitted  to  work  in,  about, 
or  in  connection  with  any  office,  mercantile  establishment, 
factory,  workshop,  manufacturing  or  mechanical  establish- 
ment, dock,  laundry,  garage,  place  of  recreation  or  amusement, 
club,  restaurant,  hotel,  apartment  house,  in  the  selling  of 
newspapers  or  magazines,  or  in  the  distribution  or  transmis- 
sion of  merchandise  or  messages;2  provided,  however,  that 
children  over  fourteen  and  under  sixteen  years  of  age  may 
be  permitted  to  work  in  offices  and  mercantile  establishments 
on  Saturdays  and  during  school  vacations,  between  the  hours 
of  8  A.M.  and  6  P.M.,  or  to  distribute  or  sell  papers  or  maga- 
zines after  school  hours,  on  the  filing  of  the  age  certificates 
provided  for  by  Sec.  241  of  this  Code ;  and  provided,  further, 
that  children  over  fourteen  and  under  sixteen  years  of  age, 
who  have  completed  the  eighth  school  grade,  or  who  have 
spent  eight  years  in  school  and  have  completed  at  least  the 
sixth  school  grade,  and  upon  whose  labor  the  attendance- 

1  These  institutions  are  provided  for  elsewhere  in  the  laws  of  Osceola.    This 
section  merely  incorporates  into  the  school  law  a  provision  for  the  compulsory 
education  of  such  children. 

2  It  was  the  intention  here  to  eliminate  small  boys  entirely  from  the  news- 
paper and  messenger  business.    There  is  no  call  for  such  a  waste  of  child  life, 
and  no  business  need  for  it.     This  limits  such  service  to  children  over  fourteen, 
and  to  after-school  hours  and  on  Saturdays. 


Revised  School  Code  203 

officer  for  the  district  is  convinced  that  an  aged  or  infirm 
parent,  or  other  person  standing  in  parental  relation  to  such 
child,  is  dependent  for  support,  may  be  granted  working-per- 
mits which  will  enable  them  to  work,  during  school  time,  at 
such  forms  of  work  above  mentioned  as  the  attendance-officer 
shall  adjudge  the  child  strong  enough  and  to  be  capable  of 
performing;  and  provided,  still  further,  that  children  over 
fourteen  and  under  sixteen  years  of  age,  who  have  completed 
the  eighth  school  grade,  and,  after  1916,  the  ninth  school 
grade,  may  similarly  be  given  permits  for  any  form  of  work 
which  the  attendance-officer  may  adjudge  them  strong  enough 
to  be  capable  of  performing.1 

Sec.  241.  Age-certificates  and  working-permits.  —  All 
age-certificates  and  working-permits  shall  be  issued  from  the 
office  of  the  school  attendance-officer  for  the  school-district, 
though  he  may  authorize  the  principal  of  any  public  school 
to  issue  age-certificates  and  working-permits,  for  the  summer 
or  other  school  vacations,  to  pupils  who  attend  his  school.2 

Age-certificates  shall  be  issued  only  on  satisfactory  evidence 
that  the  child  is  at  least  fourteen  years  old,  and  where  there 
is  a  doubt,  a  birth  or  baptismal  certificate  should  be  required, 
if  such  can  be  obtained.  If  neither  are  obtainable,  then  an 
oath  or  affirmation  may  be  accepted,  or  the  school  health- 
officer  may  be  requested  to  examine  the  child  and  give  his 
opinion  as  to  his  proper  age. 

Working-permits  shall  be  issued  to  those  who  meet  the 
conditions  for  such  issuance,  as  set  forth  in  Sec.  240  of  this 
Code,  and  shall  not  be  issued  for  longer  than  six  months  at 
a  time,  and  shall  be  revocable  at  any  time,  for  reasons  satis- 
factory to  the  attendance-officer  issuing  the  same. 

1  This  advances  the  working  age  from  fourteen  to  sixteen  years,  for  all  except 
the  three  classes  of  exemptions  here  provided. 

1  Ordinarily  this  will  be  done  under  such  general  rules  and  regulations  as 
may  be  provided  for  such  issuance. 


204  Educational  Reorganization 

The  school  attendance-officer  also  shall  issue  temporary 
permits  under  which  a  child  under  sixteen  years  of  age  may 
be  permitted  to  participate  in  musical  or  dramatic  perform- 
ances, other  than  school  performances,  at  which  an  admis- 
sion fee  is  charged,  if  convinced  that  the  environment  of  such 
performances  is  proper  for  a  child  of  such  age,  that  the  condi- 
tions of  such  will  not  be  detrimental  to  health,  and  that  the 
child's  education  will  not  be  neglected  or  hampered  by  such 
participation.1 

Sec.  242.  Papers  required  for  working-permits.  —  Before 
issuing  a  working-permit  the  attendance-officer  must  receive, 
examine,  approve,  and  file  the  following  papers :  - 

(1)  The  school  record  of  the  child,  properly  filled  out  and 
signed  by  the  principal  or  teacher  of  the  school  last  attended. 
This  shall  state  the  grade  last  completed  and  the  studies 
pursued  in  completing  the  same,  the  number  of  weeks  the 
child  attended  school  during  the  last  preceding  school  year, 
and  the  name  and  residence  of  both  the  child  and  the  parent, 
or  person  in  parental  relation,  as  shown  by  the  school-census 
records. 

(2)  An  age-certificate,  issued  as  provided  for  in  Sec.  241 
of  this  Code,  and  based  on  satisfactory  evidence  of  actual 
age. 

(3)  Satisfactory  evidence  that  the  parent,  or  other  person 
standing  in  parental  relation  to  the  child,  approves  of  the 
issuance  of  the  working-permit. 

The  attendance-officer  may  also  require  in  any  case,  if  he 
deems  it  desirable  to  do  so,  the  following  additional  papers : 2  — 

(4)  A  certificate  signed  by  the  school  health-officer,  or  the 
family  physician,  stating  that  the  child  has  been  thoroughly 

1  These  are  desirable  exceptions. 

1  These  additional  papers  will  be  needed  in  many  cases  in  the  cities,  but  it 
was  thought  to  be  desirable  to  leave  their  requirement  optional  with  the  at- 
tendance-officer. 


Revised  School  Code  205 


examined  by  said  officer  or  physician,  and,  in  his  opinion,  is 
in  sufficiently  sound  health  and  physically  able  to  perform 
the  kind  of  work  the  child  intends  to  do. 

(5)  A  written  request  for  such  working-permit  from  the 
prospective  employer,  setting  forth  the  character  of  the  em- 
ployment, the  number  of  hours  per  day  during  which  the 
child  is  to  be  regularly  employed,  and  the  name  and  address 
of  the  employer,  together  with  a  statement  in  which  the 
employer  agrees  to  employ  the  child  in  accordance  with  the 
provisions  of  this  Act  and  the  labor  laws  of  this  state,  and  also 
to  return  the  working-permit  to  the  office  of  the  school  at- 
tendance-officer when  the  child  leaves  his  employ,  or  when 
the  time  for  which  the  permit  was  issued  expires. 

Sec.  243.  Nature  and  use  of  working-permits.  —  Each 
working-permit  shall  be  numbered,  dated,  and  signed  by  the 
attendance-officer  issuing  it ;  shall  state  on  its  face  the  kind 
or  kinds  of  work,  and  the  period  of  time  for  which  the 
permit  is  issued ;  the  name,  age,  and  residence  of  the  child, 
and  the  name  and  address  of  the  parent  or  person  standing 
in  parental  relation  to  the  child  to  whom  the  permit  is  issued ; 
the  name  of  the  school  last  attended  by  the  child,  and  the 
last  school  grade  completed;  and  the  height,  weight,  color 
of  eyes  and  hair,  and  the  sex  of  the  child.  One  copy  of  the 
permit  shall  be  given  to  the  child,  and  one  copy  shall  be  re- 
tained by  the  officer  issuing  it.1  At  the  expiration  of  the  time 
for  which  the  permit  is  issued,  the  employer  must  cease  to 
employ  the  child,  and  must  return  the  permit  to  the  officer 
issuing  it  and  the  child  must  return  to  school,  if  the  schools 
be  in  session,  unless  a  new  permit  is  issued  or  unless  the  child 
be  exempted  from  further  attendance  on  school  by  the  pro- 
visions of  Sec.  227  of  this  Code. 

Sec.  244.  Employers  must  exhibit  permits.  —  All  employ- 
ers in  any  form  of  business  mentioned  in  Sec.  240  of  this  Code, 
1  Very  desirable,  both  for  record  and  for  comparison. 


206  Educational  Reorganization 

having  in  their  employ  any  child,  or  person  to  whom  the  pro- 
visions of  this  article  may  apply,  shall  post,  in  a  conspicuous 
place  in  their  place  of  employment,  a  list  of  all  such,  giving 
names,  sex,  ages,  and  number  of  working-permits,  and  shall 
retain  the  working-permits  for  such  during  the  term  of  em- 
ployment, and  these  and  the  premises  shall  be  open  to  the 
inspection  of  the  school  attendance-officer  or  his  representa- 
tives, as  well  as  to  any  representative  of  the  state  department 
of  labor.  Failure  to  post  and  keep  posted  such  lists,  or  to 
produce  the  working-permits  on  demand,  shall  be  considered 
as  prima  facie  evidence  of  a  violation  of  the  child-labor  laws 
of  this  state,  and  shall  subject  the  employer  to  a  fine  of  $50 
in  each  case. 

Sec.  245.  Illiterate  minors.  —  All  persons  over  sixteen 
and  under  eighteen  years  of  age,  who  have  not  such  ability 
to  read,  write,  and  spell  in  the  English  language  as  is  required 
for  the  completion  of  the  fourth  school  grade  of  the  public 
schools  of  the  school  district  in  which  they  reside,  shall  be 
known  as  illiterate  minors ; 1  and  no  such  person  shall  be 
employed  in  any  form  of  employment  mentioned  in  Sec.  240 
of  this  Code  unless  such  person  attends  regularly  a  public 
evening  school,  or  other  evening  school  approved  for  school 
attendance,  if  such  a  school  be  maintained  in  the  school  dis- 
trict in  which  such  person  resides  or  works. 

Sec.  246.  Penalty  for  not  attending.  —  Every  illiterate 
minor  employed  must  regularly  attend  an  evening  school, 
if  such  be  maintained  by  the  school-district,  or,  if  not  employed, 
a  day  or  evening  school ;  and  every  parent  or  other  person 
in  parental  relation,  having  under  his  or  her  control  an  illit- 
erate minor,  shall  require  him  or  her  to  attend  regularly  a 
day  or  evening  school.  For  failure  to  so  attend,  a  minor  shall 
be  liable  to  a  fine  of  $5,  and  the  parent,  or  person  in  parental 

1  But  few  of  these  will  be  located  by  the  school  census,  as  most  of  them  will 
be  new  residents  of  foreign  birth,  and  will  need  to  be  located  in  other  ways. 


Revised  School  Code  207 

relation,  shall  be  liable  to  a  fine  of  $10,  and  each  day  may  be 
considered  as  a  separate  offence;  and  whoever  induces  or 
attempts  to  induce  such  a  minor  to  absent  himself  or  herself 
unlawfully  from  a  school  which  he  or  she  should  attend,  or 
harbors  or  employs  such  while  the  school  is  in  session,  shall 
also  be  liable  to  a  fine  of  $10  for  each  such  offense.1 

ARTICLE  42.     GENERAL  CONTROL 

Sec.  247.  State  board  to  make  regulations.  —  The  state 
board  of  education  may  approve  uniform  rules  and  regula- 
tions, not  inconsistent  with  law,  for  the  more  detailed  ad- 
ministration of  the  provisions  of  this  chapter.2 

Sec.  248.  Commissioner  of  education  may  remove  at- 
tendance-officer. —  The  state  commissioner  of  education  may 
remove  from  office  any  county  or  city  attendance-officer  who 
shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this 
article,  and  may  appoint  his  successor.  In  case  he  deems  that 
the  board  of  education  has  not  paid  enough  to  secure  efficient 
service,  or  has  not  made  proper  provision  for  the  maintenance 
of  the  office,  he  may  also  direct  that  a  larger  expenditure  be 
made  by  them  for  the  service.3 

Sec.  249.  Disposition  of  fines.  —  All  fines  collected  for 
any  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  of  this  Code 

1  It  was  hoped  that,  by  fining  the  minor,  the  parent,  and  the  employer,  all 
such  illiterate  minors  would  be  brought  into  the  evening  schools,  where  such  are 
provided. 

1  There  are  many  details,  omitted  from  this  chapter,  which  it  was  felt  that 
it  would  be  better  to  let  the  state  department  suggest  general  rules  and  regu- 
lations for,  the  state  board  of  education  giving  such  the  effect  of  law  by  approving 
such. 

3  This  was  felt  to  be  a  wise  precaution  to  insure  compliance  with  the  law. 
Otherwise  a  county  or  city  which  did  not  want  the  law  enforced  could  appoint 
an  attendance-officer  who  could  be  relied  upon  to  do  little.  If  such  were  to 
happen,  the  commissioner  of  education  could  remove  him  and  appoint  his  suc- 
cessor. The  power  to  direct  better  maintenance  for  the  work  is  also  the  power 
to  make  the  work  effective. 


208  Educational  Reorganization 

shall  be  paid  in  and  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  school  district 
in  which  the  case  originated.1 

ARTICLE  43.    EDUCATION  OF  DEFECTIVES  AND 
DEPENDENTS 

Sec.  250.  State  and  local  provision  for.  —  In  addition  to 
the  provisions  made  in  this  Code  for  the  education  locally  of 
the  deaf,  dumb,  blind,  crippled,  feeble  in  mind,  poor,  or  other 
special  classes  of  children,  the  different  state  institutions  for 
the  education  of  defective  and  dependent  children,  provided 
for  elsewhere  in  the  laws  of  Osceola,  and  under  separate 
control,  are  hereby,  in  part,  incorporated  into  the  system  of 
public  instruction  of  this  state,  and  to  the  extent  that  the  edu- 
cational departments  of  all  such  institutions,  namely,  the 
following :  - 

1.  The  State  School  for  the  Blind,  at  Tioga  Rapids; 

2.  The  State  School  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  at  Indian 
Creek ; 

3.  The  State  Industrial  School  for  Girls,  at  Wichita  Falls; 

4.  The  State  Industrial  School  for  Boys,  at  Oneida ; 

5.  The  State  Orphan  Home,  at  Lone  Butte ;   and 

6.  The  Penitentiary  for  First  Offenders,  at  Natomas ; 
shall  be  and  hereby  are  placed  under  the  general  supervision 
of  the  state  department  of  education,  with  power  vested  in 
such  department  to  supervise  the  instruction  therein,  to  sug- 
gest changes  in  the  discipline  and  management  of  the  pupils, 
and  to  suggest  legislation  needed  to  make  the  educational 
work  in  such  more  effective.2 

1  This  is  an  incentive  to  local  enforcement  of  the  laws  relating  to  census,  com- 
pulsory education,  and  child  labor. 

2  This  opens  the  way  for  making  the  educational  work  jn  such  institutions 
really  educational. 


CHAPTER    XVII.    THE    STATE    AND    NON-STATE 

EFFORT 

ARTICLE  44.    PRIVATE  AND  PAROCHIAL  SCHOOLS 

Sec.  251.  Public  education  not  exclusive.  —  While  the 
schools  and  educational  institutions  supported  by  the  public 
shall  be  open,  free  of  charge,  to  all  properly  qualified  persons, 
they  shall  not  constitute  an  exclusive  educational  system. 
On  the  contrary,  both  private  and  parochial  educational 
effort  shall  be  permitted  and  encouraged,  so  long  as  the 
standards  maintained  by  the  state  are  not  lowered  thereby. 
Any  parent  or  other  person  in  parental  relation  to  a  child 
may  choose  the  school,  —  public,  private,  or  parochial,  - 
to  which  he  desires  to  send  the  child,  and,  so  long  as  such 
school  meets  the  standards  set  by  the  state,  as  set  forth  in 
Sec.  252  of  this  Code,  attendance  at  such  shall  be  considered 
as  complying  with  the  compulsory  education  laws  of  this 
state,1  as  stated  in  Art.  40  of  this  Code. 

Sec.  252.  Approval  of  schools  for  attendance.  —  Any 
private  or  parochial  school  in  this  state,  offering  instruction 
to  pupils  within  the  compulsory-attendance  ages,  may  be 
approved,  by  the  board  of  education  of  the  district  in  which 
it  is  located,  for  the  attendance  of  pupils  thereat  in  satisfac- 
tion of  the  requirements  of  Art.  40  of  this  Code  relating 
to  compulsory  education,  if :  — 

(a)  The  reports  required  by  Sec.  254  of  this  Code  have 
been  made  and  the  records  required  by  the  same  section  are 
properly  kept ; 

1  If  the  school  is  as  good  there  is  no  reason  why  attendance  at  such  should 
not  be  taken  as  equivalent. 

p  209 


2io  Educational  Reorganization 

(b)  The  statutory  school  subjects  are  taught  therein ; 

(c)  The  school  is  taught  in  the  English  language,  not  in- 
cluding instruction  in  a  modern  or  ancient  language  given  as 
a  subject  of  study  ; 

(d)  The  term  is  at  least  as  long  as  that  of  the  public  schools 
of  the  same  grade  in  the  same  school-district ;  and 

(e)  The  superintendent  of  education  for  the  county  or 
city  school-district  in  which  such  school  is  located  certifies 
that  he  has  examined  the  school,  or  has  had  the  state  depart- 
ment of  education  do  so  for  him,  and  is  satisfied  that  the 
instruction  in  such  equals  in   thoroughness  and  efficiency, 
though  not  necessarily  the  same  in  kind  or  amounts,  the  in- 
struction in  the  public  schools  of  the  same  grade  in  the  county 
or  city  school-district  in  which  such  school  is  located;   but 
no  approval  shall  be  made  or  refused  on  the  basis  of  any  reli- 
gious teaching  offered  therein.1    Schools  once  approved  for 
school  attendance  under  the  provisions  of  this  section  may 
later  be  disapproved,  for  failure  to  comply  with  the  law  relat- 
ing thereto. 

Sec.  253.  Appeal  from  decision.  —  If  any  county  or  city 
superintendent  of  education,  on  his  own  examination,  refuses 
to  approve  any  private  or  parochial  school  for  the  purposes 
of  attendance  thereat,  and  the  authorities  of  such  school 
shall  not  be  satisfied  with  the  decision,  they  may  appeal  to 
the  state  commissioner  of  education,  who  shall  then  cause  an 
examination  to  be  made,  and  the  decision  of  the  state  depart- 
ment of  education  in  the  matter  shall  be  final.2  In  all  exam- 
inations and  approvals  the  principle  of  liberty  of  instruction, 

1  With  religious  teaching  the  state  has  nothing  to  do ;  all  of  the  other  re- 
quirements, though,  are  fundamental,  and  it  would  obviously  be  poor  state 
policy  to  approve  schools  which  were  poorer  than  those  maintained  by  the  public 
in  the  same  school  district. 

2  This  will  insure  fair  treatment,  though  the  danger  is  rather  the  other  way. 
Many  of  the  commission  desired  to  give  the  commissioner  of  education  power 
to  reverse,  for  cause,  a  local  approval. 


Revised  School  Code  211 

so  long  as  standards  are  maintained,  shall  be  observed,  and 
approval  shall  not  be  refused  if  the  instruction  is  approxi- 
mately as  good  and  thorough  as  that  of  the  public  schools, 
though  it  be  different  in  scope  or  amount. 

Sec.  254.  All  private  and  parochial  schools  to  report.  - 
All  private  and  parochial  schools,  or  private  or  parochial 
institutions  of  any  kind  having  a  school  connected  therewith, 
shall  be  required  to  report,  on  uniform  blanks  issued  by  the 
commissioner  of  education,  and  at  the  time  for  making  such 
reports,  such  statistics  as  the  state  board  of  education  shall 
approve,  and  relating  to  the  number  of  pupils  and  instructors, 
enrollment,  attendance,  courses  of  study,  length  of  term, 
cost  of  tuition,  and  the  general  condition  of  the  institution 
under  their  charge.1  All  private,  parochial,  and  other  schools 
shall  also  keep  their  records  as  to  attendance  in  the  regular 
state  class-room  school-register,  or  other  standard  forms  used 
for  recording  attendance,  which  shall  be  furnished  to  them 
free  of  charge,  and  according  to  the  rules  and  regulations 
prescribed  for  public  schools,  and  must  cooperate  with  the 
public  schools  in  the  matter  of  the  school  attendance,2  as 
required  by  Sees.  224,  225  and  231  of  this  Code. 

Sec.  255.  State  cooperation  with.  —  All  attendance-offi- 
cers for  county  or  city  school-districts  shall  cooperate  as  fully 
with  private  and  parochial  school  authorities  in  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  compulsory  attendance  laws  as  with  the  public 
schools ;  all  private  and  parochial  schools  shall  be  supplied 
with  the  state  class-room  school-register,  and  all  blank  forms 
relating  to  the  school  census,  school  attendance,  and  report- 
ing, free  of  charge;  habitually  truant  and  offending  pupils 
in  such  may  be  sent  to  the  public  parental-home  schools ;  and 
all  private  and  parochial  schools  shall  have  the  right  to  bor- 

1  Such  information  is  necessary  if  the  state  is  to  have  any  clear  knowledge 
of  its  educational  resources  and  service. 

1  This  is  an  obviously  necessary  requirement. 


212  Educational  Reorganization 

row  books  from  the  state  or  county  library,  or  to  purchase 
any  text-book  or  reading-circle  book,  approved  and  adopted 
by  the  state,  at  the  same  prices  as  public-school  authorities 
or  public-school  teachers.  All  teachers  in  private  or  paro- 
chial schools  may  attend  the  teachers'  institutes,  and  may 
receive  teachers'  certificates  of  any  grade,  on  the  same  condi- 
tions *  as  teachers  in  the  public  schools. 

Sec.  256.  Exemption  from  taxation.  —  In  addition,  any 
private  or  parochial  school,  not  conducted  for  profit,  and  which 
complies  with  all  of  the  conditions  for  approval,  as  stated  in 
Sec.  252  of  this  Code,  and  which  is  approved  for  school  attend- 
ance, and  which  is  also,  in  addition,  open  for  inspection  and 
approval  by  representatives  of  the  state  department  of  edu- 
cation, may  also  be  certified  to  the  state  board  of  education, 
by  the  commissioner  of  education,  for  exemption  from  all 
state,  county,  and  local  taxation,  local  improvement-assess- 
ments excepted,  on  its  permanent  endowment  funds  and  so 
much  of  its  grounds,  buildings,  and  equipment  as  are  actually 
used  in  and  necessary  for  instruction  and  management.2 
If  the  state  board  of  education  approves  of  the  recommenda- 
tion it  shall  so  certify  to  the  county  assessor  of  the  county  in 
which  such  school  is  located,  who  shall  in  turn  notify  any 
city  or  town  assessor  concerned,  and  such  school  shall  there- 
after be  exempt  from  such  taxation,  unless  the  exemption  be 
revoked  for  good  cause  by  the  state  board  of  education. 

ARTICLE  45.    DEGREE-CONFERRING  INSTITUTIONS 

Sec.  257.  State  supervision  of.  —  The  state  board  of  edu- 
cation shall  formulate  and  promulgate  general  rules  for  classi- 

1  This  of  course  means  the  reference  to  freedom  in  attendance  and  right  to 
take  examinations  and  receive  certificates.    It  does  not  include  pay  for  attend- 
ance at  teachers'  institutes,  which  would  be  unconstitutional. 

2  This  is  a  desirable  return  for  good  service  rendered,  and  is  only  simple  jus- 
tice. 


Revised  School  Code  213 

fying  schools,  colleges,  institutes,  technical  institutions,  uni- 
versities, and  other  institutions  of  learning  within  this  state, 
which  confer  degrees  or  diplomas ;  shall  determine  the  mini- 
mum requirements  for  each  as  to  endowment,  instructing 
force,  library,  laboratories,  and  grade  of  work;  and  shall 
have  power  to  regulate  the  conferring  of  degrees  and  diplomas 
within  this  state.1 

Sec.  258.  Exemption  from  taxation.  —  Any  non-state 
school,  college,  institute,  technical  institution,  university, 
or  free  public  museum  or  library,  not  conducted  for  profit, 
may  apply  to  the  state  department  of  education  for  an  exami- 
nation and  inspection,  with  a  view  to  exemption  from  taxa- 
tion, as  provided  for  schools  in  Sec.  256  of  this  Code.  If  the 
institution  meets  the  minimum  standard  set  by  the  state 
board  of  education,  and,  resources  and  needs  considered,  offers 
a  satisfactory  grade  of  instruction  or  service  in  the  work  at- 
tempted, such  institution  may  be  certified  to  the  state  board 
of  education,  by  the  commissioner  of  education,  for  exemption 
from  state  and  local  taxation,  local  improvement-assessments 
excepted,  on  its  permanent  endowment  funds  and  on  so  much 
of  its  grounds,  buildings,  and  equipment  as  are  actually  used 
in  and  necessary  for  instruction  and  management.  If  the 
state  board  of  education  approves  of  the  recommendation  it 
shall  certify  the  same  for  exemption,  until  revoked  for  cause, 
and  following  the  same  method  provided  for  in  Sec.  256  of 
this  Code. 

ARTICLE  46.    DESIGNATION  AND  INTENT  OF  ACT 

Sec.  259.  Official  title.  —  This  Act  shall  be  known  and 
cited  as  the  Revised  School  Code  of  the  State  of  Osceola. 

Sec.  260.  Intent  of  Act ;  repealing  clause.  —  This  Act 
is  intended  to  be  and  is  amendatory  of,  and  a  recodification 

1  This  is  a  desirable  new  power  that  teaching  institutions  may  be  standardized 
and  names,  diplomas,  and  degrees  be  given  some  de6nite  value  and  meaning. 


214  Educational  Reorganization 

as  amended  of,  all  laws  relating  to  schools  of  the  state  of  Osce- 
ola,  and  all  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with,  or  in 
conflict  with,  the  provisions  of  this  Act  are  hereby  repealed. 

Sec.  261.  When  to  take  effect.  —  That  part  of  this  Act 
relating  to  the  appointment  of  a  state  board  of  education,  a 
state  commissioner  of  education,  and  the  organization  of  a 
state  department  of  education,  shall  take  effect  as  soon  after 
the  approval  of  this  act  as  may  be;  and  all  other  parts  of 
this  Act,  except  where  otherwise  specified,  shall  take  effect 
the  first  day  of  July,  1914. 

Sec.  262.  Initial  appropriation. — To  initiate  the  work 
of  the  state  department  of  education,  hereby  created,  and  to 
cover  all  expenses  authorized  by  this  Code  until  July  i,  1914, 
there  is  hereby  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  state  board  of 
education,  when  appointed,  and  from  any  moneys  in  the 
treasury  of  this  state  not  otherwise  appropriated,  the  sum  of 
twenty-five  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be 
needed,  to  be  paid  out  on  the  order  of  said  board  for  any  of 
the  purposes  of  this  Act. 

Passed  by  the  Senate,  February  14,  1914. 
Passed  by  the  House,  February  21,  1914. 
Approved,  February  24,  1914. 


APPENDICES 

To  show  better  the  costs  and  the  plans  for  reorganization  pro- 
posed in  the  Revised  School  Code,  the  Educational  Code  Com- 
mission submits  the  following  Appendices. 

A.  Statistics  as  to  the  state  of  Osceola. 

B.  Estimated  cost  for  the  state  department  of  education,  as 

provided  for  by  Chap.  I. 

C.  Estimated  state  grants,  as  provided  for  by  Chap.  VIII. 

D.  County  educational  reorganization,  as  required  by  Art.  6, 

illustrated  by  Chippewa  County. 

E.  The  new  state  apportionment  plan,  illustrated  by  the  ap- 

portionment sheet  for  Chippewa  County. 

F.  Selected  success-grade  forms. 


215 


APPENDIX  A 


(Figures  for  1912-1913) 

Assessed  wealth  of  the  state 

Number  of  counties  in  the  state 

Number  of  cities  in  state  (ist  class,  by  Sec.  34) 

Number  of  cities  in  state  (zd  class,  by  Sec.  34) 

Number  of  teachers  employed  : 

In  ist  class  city  school-districts  2,253 

In  2d  class  city  school-districts  3,437 

Total  employed  in  cities  5,690 

In  non-city  school-districts  9,560 

(In  i -teacher  rural  schools,  8,513) 
Total  employed  in  the  state 

Number  employed  in  high  schools : 

In  city  school-districts  1,130 

In  non-city  school-districts  485 

Total  number  of  high-school  teachers 

Number  of  intermediate-school  teachers 

Number  of  elementary-school  teachers : 
In  city  school-districts  3,670 

In  non-city  school-districts  9,560 

Number  of  high-schools  in  the  state : 

In  city  school-districts  95 

In  non-city  school-districts  218 

Number  of  school  census  children,  4  to  20  years  of  age 
Average  daily  attendance  at  all  public  schools 
Former  basis  for  the  apportionment  of  school  funds : 
$200  for  each  teacher  employed 
$2  for  each  child  of  census  age 

Total  state  aid  granted 
Deduct  income  from  state  school  fund 
Net  taxation  cost  for  state  aid l 


$2,624,196,001 
90 
4 
89 


15,250 


1,615 

405 

13,230 

313 


637,420 
325,060 

$3,050,000 

1,274,840 

$4,324,840 

312,328 

$4,012,512 


1  This  was  equal  to  a  state  tax  of  .i6jf  on  the  $100  of  assessed  valuation  of  all 
property  in  1912-1913. 

216 


Appendix  A 


217 


ESTIMATED    CHANGES,    AFTER    NEW    SYSTEM    IS    IN    OPERA- 
TION 

(By  1919-1920  —  After  5  years) 

Assessed  wealth  of  the  state  increase  to  $3,000,000,000 

Teachers  employed  in  95  city  school-districts : 

High-school  teachers  increased  from  1,130  to      1,350 

Intermediate-school  teachers  increase  from  405  to         850 

Elementary-school  teachers  increase  from  3,670  to      3,800 

Teachers  employed  in  90  county  school-districts : 

High-school  teachers  increase  from  485  to      2,000 

Intermediate-school  teachers  increase  from  o  to        500 

Elementary-school  teachers  decrease  from  9,560  to      6,000 

Total  number  of  teachers  in  state  decrease  from  15,250  to    14,500 

In  city  districts  increase  from  5,690  to      6,000 

In  county  districts  decrease  from  9,560  to      8,500 

Total  number  of  teachers  14,500 

In  high-schools  3,35° 

In  intermediate-schools  1,350 

In  elementary  schools  9,800 

Total  average  daily  attendance  increase  from  325,060  to  450,000 


APPENDIX  B 

ESTIMATED   COST  FOR  THE   STATE  DEPARTMENT   OF 

EDUCATION 

The  following  is  a  somewhat  general  and  liberal  estimate  of  what 
such  a  state  department  of  education  as  is  proposed  in  Chap.  I 
of  the  School  Code  would  cost  when  fully  organized,  —  say  in 
about  four  or  five  years.  The  salaries  and  other  expenses  have 
been  estimated,  and  rather  liberal  allowances  for  salaries  have  been 
included,  because  the  efficiency  of  such  a  department  will  depend 
largely  on  the  ability  to  command  the  services  of  first-rate  men  and 
women.  The  number  of  employees  and  their  salaries  and  distribu- 
tion would  naturally  vary  somewhat  in  practice,  but  it  is  probable 
that  the  total  number  and  the  total  costs  would  not  vary  very 
much  from,  the  estimate  here  given.  It  will  be  seen  that  what  is 
intended  is  that  the  state  department  of  education,  a  branch  of 
the  state  service  into  which  the  state  puts  about  one-half  of  its 
total  expenses,  shall  be  dignified  by  the  creation  of  a  directing  de- 
partment which  shall  be  as  efficient,  for  the  work  it  has  to  do,  as 
is  the  state  supreme  court,  the  state  railway  commission,  the 
state  highway  commission,  or  the  state  agricultural  and  horti- 
cultural department.  The  care  of  children  and  the  improvement 
of  the  public  welfare  is  here  conceived  to  be  as  important  as  the 
care  of  crops,  live-stock,  and  property. 

GENERAL  ESTIMATE  AS  TO  NEEDS 

I.  GENERAL  ADMINISTRATION 

Estimated  Cost 

I  Commissioner  of  education  $9,000 

i  Assistant  commissioner  S,ooo 

i  Private  secretary  to  the  commissioner  2,500 

4  Stenographers,  and  coypists  S,ooo 

i  Messenger  1,000 

Total  for  general  administration  $22,500 
218 


Appendix  B 


219 


II.  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT 

J-.  Business  Division. 

i  Secretary  and  business  manager  $5,ooo 

1  Assistant  secretary  and  business  manager  2,500 
3  Bookkeepers  and  accountants  S,ooo 

2  Stenographers  and  copyists  2,500 
i  Porter  and  messenger  1,000 

Total  for  business  department  $16,000 

2.  Legal  Division. 

i  Chief  for  the  legal  division  $4,000 

1  Assistant  in  the  legal  work  2,000 

2  Stenographers  and  copyists  2,500 

Total  for  division  $8,500 

3.  Statistical  Division. 

1  Chief  statistician  $4,000 

2  Assistant  statisticians  3,500 
2  Stenographers,  assistants,  and  copyists  2,500 

Total  for  division  $10,000 

4.  Library  and  Library-extension  Division. 

This  division  is  merely  transferred  to  the  control  of 
the  state  department  of  education.  The  only  ad- 
ditional expense  would  be  for  increased  efficiency 
in  connection  with  the  county-library  work,  esti- 
mated at  $10,000 

5.  Museum  and  Science-extension  Division. 

The  museum,  like  the  state  library,  is  merely  trans- 
ferred to  the  education  department,  and  increases 
in  cost  will  be  for  increased  efficiency.  As  it  is  pro- 
posed to  extend  the  services  materially,  this  may  be 
estimated  to  cost,  after  a  few  years,  a  yearly  addi- 
tion of  $15,000 

6.  Schoolhouse-construction  and  Sanitation  Division. 

i  School  architect,  as  chief  of  division  $4,000 

i  Sanitation  expert  3,ooo 

1  Traveling  inspector  of  school  buildings  2,500 

2  Draughtsmen  2,500 

1  Stenographer  and  copyist  1,200 

Total  for  division  $13,200 

7.  Child-welfare  Division. 

Chief  of  division,  in  health  supervision  $4,000 

Expert  in  study  of  abnormal  children  3,600 

Expert  in  study  of  retardation  3iOoo 

Expert  in  playground  organization  2,400 

Office  worker  and  assistant  1,800 

2  Stenographers  and  copyists  2,500 

Total  for  division  $i7>3°o 


22O 


Appendix  B 


8.  Rural  and  Agricultural-education  Division, 

1  Chief  of  division,  in  rural-life  work 

3  Rural-survey  experts  and  extension  workers 

2  Experts  in  rural  education 
2  Stenographers  and  copyists 

Total  for  division 

g.  Elementary-education  Division. 

i  Supervisor  of  elementary  education 

i  Expert  in  primary  work 

i  Expert  in  intermediate-school  work 

i  School-survey  expert 

i  Examiner  of  schools 

i  Stenographer  and  copyist 

Total  for  elementary-education  division 

10.  Secondary-education  Division. 

i  Supervisor  of  secondary  education 
i  Expert  in  industrial  education 
i  Expert  in  home-life  instruction 
i  Expert  in  agricultural  education 

1  School  examiner 

2  Stenographers  and  copyists 

Total  for  division 

11.  Special-class  Education  Division. 

i  Supervisor  of  educational  work  in  state  institutions 
i  Inspector  of  reformatory  and  parental-home  schools 
i  Inspector  of  school-census  and  compulsory-educa- 

tion work 

i  Stenographer,  copyist,  and  assistant 
Total  for  division 

12.  Examining,  Certificating,  and  Pensioning  Division. 
i  Chief  of  division,  in  charge  of  examinations 

i  Bookkeeper  and  register  of  certificates 
i  Assistant  in  the  division 
i  Stenographer  and  copyist 

Allowance  for  readers,  in  excess  of  income  from  fees 
for  examinations 
Total  for  division 

13.  Training  of  Teachers  Division. 

i  Inspector  of  normal  schools  and  training  classes 
i  Assistant  in  the  organization  and  direction  of  insti- 

tutes in  the  state 

i  Assistant  for  reading-circle  and  extension  work 
i  Stenographer  and  copyist 
Allowance  for  conducting  district  institutes 
Total  for  division 


$4,000 
6,500 
5,000 
2,500 


$4,000 
3,000 
3,000 
3,000 
2,500 
1,500 


$4,000 
3,000 
3,000 
3,000 
3,000 
2,500 


$4,000 
3,000 

2,500 
1,500 


$4,000 
2,000 
2,000 
i)5°o 

3,000 


$4,000 

3,600 
3  ,000 
i»5°o 
3,000 


$18,000 


$18,000 


$18,500 


$11,000 


$12,500 


$15,100 


Appendix  B  221 

14.  Art  and  Music  Division. 

i  Head  of  the  division,  for  drawing  $4,000 

i  Assistant,  for  music  organization  4,000 

i  Assistant  for  applied  art  3,200 

i  Stenographer  and  assistant  1,500 

Total  for  division  $12,700 

15.  Industrial  and  Vocational-education  Division. 

i  Chief,  for  industrial  education  $5,000 

i  Industrial-survey  expert  4,000 

i  Expert  for  commercial  work  3,600 

i  Expert  for  trade  and  vocational  education  3,000 

i  Stenographer  and  assistant  1,500 

Total  for  division  $17,100 

16.  Information  and  Extension  Division. 

i  Chief  of  the  division  $4,000 

6  Stenographers  and  copyists  8,000 

Total  for  division  $12,000 

17.  Editorial  Division. 

i  Editor  of  publications  $4,000 

i  Assistant  editor  1,800 

1  Draughtsman  and  illustrator  1,800 

2  Proofreaders  2,400 
i  Stenographer  and  copyist  1,500 

Total  for  division  $11,500 

III.  GENERAL  EXPENSES  FOR  DEPARTMENT 

For  travel  expenses  of  experts  $20,000 

For  postage,  telegrams,  express,  etc.  10,000 

For  printing,  stationery,  and  supplies  12,000 

For  special  investigations  10,000 

For  printing  of  publications  50,000 

For  contingent  fund,  necessary  expenses  14,100 

Total  for  general  expenses  $116,100 

Grand  total  for  maintenance  of  department  of  educa- 
tion, after  fully  organized  $375,000 

Deductions l 

Present  cost  for  department  (1912-1913)  $76,500 

Possible  saving  in  expenses  for  county  institutes  13,500      $90,000 

Net  yearly  increased  cost  for  department 2  $285,000 

1  There  will  be  a  still  further  unestimated  saving  on  schoolhouse  plans, 
probably  $250,000,  during  the  first  five  years,  during  the  period  of  reconstruction. 

1  This  would  be  equal  to  .oioijS  on  the  $100  of  assessed  valuation  of  all 
property  in  1912-1913,  and  to  .0095^  on  the  estimated  valuation  by  the  time 
this  department  gets  fully  organized. 


222 


Appendix  B 


COMPARATIVE  COSTS,  FOR  OSCEOLA 


Last  session  of  the  legislature 

Maintenance  of  national  guard 

Aid  for  orphan  children 

Cost  for  reformatories 

Care  of  the  insane 

State  railway  commission 

State  highway  commission 

State  Agric.  and  Hortic.  commission 

Dept.  of  agriculture,  Univ.  of  Osceola 

State  board  of  health 


$238,000 
300,000 
650,000 
475,000 

1,220,000 
260,000 

175,00° 
480,000 
587,500 
186,000 


APPENDIX  C 


ESTIMATED    STATE    GRANTS,    AS    PROVIDED    FOR    BY 
CHAPTER 


ITEMS 

FOR  1914-1915, 

BASED  ON  1913-1914 

FOR  1919-1920, 

BASED  ON  1918-1919 

No. 

Amount 

No. 

Amount 

/.  Teacher  Grants. 

City  Supts.  of  education 

93 

$65,000 

95 

$90,000 

County  Supts.  of  education 

90 

39,000 

90 

80,000 

Asst.  City  Supts.  of  education 

IS 

9,000 

25 

15,000 

Asst.  Co.  Supts.  of  education 

13 

7,800 

130 

75,000 

City  school  health-officers 

20 

20,200 

no 

115,000 

County  school  health-officers 

4 

4,000 

90 

80,000 

City  school  attendance-officers 

28 

12,000 

40 

16,000 

County  school  Attend.-officers 

6 

2,000 

90 

38,000 

School  nurses,  city  and  county 

3 

900 

25 

7,500 

Elementary  and  Rn.  teachers 

13,230 

2,646,000 

9,600 

2,400,000 

Intermediate-school  teachers 

405 

81,000 

1,550 

272,250 

High-school  teachers 

1,615 

323,200 

3,250 

975,000 

Additional  special-type  Trs. 

125 

40,000 

Total  teacher  grants 

15,464 

$3,210,100 

14,965 

$4,203,750 

II.  Extra  School  Grants. 

Secondary-school    grants    (Yrs.    of 

Instr.  offered) 

1,015 

$101,500 

4,225 

$422,500 

Special  grants  for  industrial  work  in 

schools 

205,000 

1,300,000 

County  Agric.  high-schools 

14 

28,000 

90 

180,000 

City  industrial  schools 

16 

18,000 

75 

120,000 

Teachers'-training  courses  in  Co.  Agr. 

high-schools 

13 

6,500 

50 

25,000 

City  normal  schools 

10 

10,000 

3 

3,ooo 

Parental-home  schools 

9 

7,200 

too 

80,000 

Total  extra  school  grants 

$382,200 

$2,130,500 

223 


224  Appendix  C 

ESTIMATED   STATE   GRANTS  —  Continued 


ITEMS 

FOR  1914-1915, 

BASED  ON  1913-1914 

FOR  1919-1910, 

BASED  ON  1918-1919 

No. 

Amount 

No. 

Amount 

777.  Library  and  Book  Grants. 

City  libraries,  under  school  depart- 

ment 

28 

$30,000 

65 

$70,000 

County  libraries  in  operation 

42 

45,ooo 

90 

IOO,OOO 

County  branch  libraries 

55 

13,750 

1,200 

300,000 

For  aid  in  the  purchase  of  books,  ap- 

portionments on  : 

Elementary-school  Trs. 

13,230 

264,600 

9,6OO 

192,000 

Intermediate-school  Trs. 

405 

10,125 

1,550 

38,750 

Secondary-school  Trs. 

1,615 

48,450 

3,250 

97,500 

Total  library  and  book  grants 

$411,925 

$798,250 

IV.   Attendance  Grants. 

Estimate  of  $3  per  pupil 

325,060 

$975,i8o 

Estimate  of  $2  per  pupil 

450,000 

$900,000 

V.  Consolidated  School  Grants. 

At  $150  per  teacher,  for  from  3  to  6 

per  school 

270 

$40,500 

6,300 

$945,000 

SUMMARY 

1914-1915 

1910-1920 

I.  Teacher  grants 

$3,210,100 

$4,203,750 

II.  Extra  school  grants 

382,200 

2,130,500 

III.  Library  and  book  grants 

4",925 

798,250 

IV.  Attendance  grants 

975,i8o 

900,000 

V.  Consolidated  school  grants 

40,500 

945,000 

Total  grants 

$5,019,905 

$8,977,500 

State  aid  for  buildings,  as  per  Sec.  133 

of  Code,  for  five  years 

1,000,000 

Total  cost 

$6,019,905 

$8,977,500 

Required  State-tax  Appropriation. 

Based  on  $20  per  pupil  in  average 

daily  attendance  would  be      .     . 

$6,501,800 

$9,000,000 

This  sum  would  be  equivalent  to  a 

state  tax  of 

•249^ 

•300ff 

on  the  $100  of  assessed  valuation 

of  all  property  in  the  state. 

APPENDIX  D 

COUNTY  EDUCATIONAL  REORGANIZATION  ILLUSTRATED 
BY  CHIPPEWA  COUNTY 

To  illustrate  the  educational  reorganization  required  to  be  made 
by  the  provisions  of  Art.  6,  one  of  the  counties  of  Osceola  has  been 
carefully  studied  by  the  commission,  and  the  results  are  here  pre- 
sented, as  an  Appendix,  to  illustrate  the  process  of  reorganization, 
the  costs  for  reorganization,  and  the  workings  of  the  new  chapter 
on  the  apportionment  of  school  funds. 

For  this  purpose  Chippewa  County  was  taken,  as  it  is  a  type  of 
a  well-settled  agricultural  county  in  Osceola.  The  county  had  a 
total  population  of  approximately  35,000,  of  which  approximately 
15,000  were  in  the  central  county-seat  city  of  Chippewa  Falls. 
The  town  of  Dunkirk  (see  map,  p.  228)  had  approximately  1200; 
Selma  and  Cisco  approximately  800  each;  and  Yolo  and  Ceres 
approximately  450  each.  The  central  city  and  the  five  town  school- 
districts  are  shaded  on  the  map.  The  remainder  of  the  popula- 
tion is  scattered  fairly  evenly  throughout  the  county,  the  greatest 
rural  density  perhaps  being  in  the  Pontiac  River  valley.  The 
county  is  located  in  a  good  agricultural  section  of  the  state;  is 
approximately  level,  well  watered,  and  well  drained;  and  the 
land  values  are  high.  Farm  tenantry  has  increased  rather  rapidly 
recently,  largely  due  to  the  desire  to  get  better  educational  and 
social  advantages  for  the  children  than  the  rural  schools  and  rural 
life  afford.  The  average  is  still  low,  however,  being  only  18.3  per 
cent  for  the  county.  The  assessed  wealth  of  the  county,  outside 
of  the  city  of  Chippewa  Falls,  was  approximately  $20,000,000 
at  the  last  county  assessment.  The  central  city  has  a  number  of 
small  manufactories  of  some  importance,  and  carries  on  a  large 
business  with  the  rural  districts. 

Q  225 


226  Appendix  D 

The  schools  in  the  city  of  Chippewa  Falls  are  well  maintained, 
there  being  good  supervision ;  a  good  high  school,  with  some  vo- 
cational work;  a  well-organized  intermediate  school,  elementary 
schools,  and  kindergartens;  as  well  as  a  small  city  industrial 
school,  and  a  small  night  school.  Salaries  are  fair  for  the  size  of 
the  city,  and  maintenance  charges  reasonably  good.  A  nine  and 
a  half  months'  school  term  has  been  maintained.  A  superintendent 
of  schools,  paid  $3600,  four  special  supervisors,  an  attendance- 
officer,  and  a  city  school-health-officer  are  employed,  in  addition 
to  sixty-two  regular  day-school  teachers  and  principals,  and  two 
evening-school  teachers. 

The  schools  in  the  rural  districts,  like  the  schools  in  most  other 
counties  in  Osceola,  represent  no  such  state  of  advancement.  In 
105  of  the  1 08  school-districts  outside  of  the  central  city  only 
elementary-school  instruction  is  offered,  although  a  number  of 
the  districts  have  added  a  so-called  ninth  year.  This  has  served 
chiefly  to  reduce  the  time  for  all  classes,  and  has  not  infrequently 
resulted  in  the  neglect  of  the  smaller  children.  Two-year  high 
schools  are  found  in  two  of  the  towns,  Cisco  and  Selma,  while  at 
Dunkirk  a  four-year  high  school  is  maintained.  About  one-half 
of  the  rural  districts  paid  high-school  tuition  for  some  of  their 
children  last  year,  the  total  for  these  districts  being  $6635.  None 
of  the  districts  outside  of  the  towns  maintained  over  a  seven  months' 
term  of  school  last  year,  and  twenty-seven  districts  maintained 
only  six  months.  The  wages  paid  in  the  district  schools  ran  from 
$55  to  $65  a  month,  usually  being  as  low  as  the  old  minimum  salary- 
law  allowed,  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  down  district  taxation. 
The  expenditures  last  year,  outside  of  the  central  city,  were  $88,177, 
of  which  $64,925  was  for  elementary  schools;  $12,667  f°r  second- 
ary schools  and  tuition  in  secondary  schools;  and  $10,585  for 
the  supervision  and  administration  of  the  system.  The  super- 
vision was  carried  on  by  a  county  superintendent  of  schools,  paid 
$1200,  and  an  office  assistant  at  $800.  One  short  visit  was  made 
to  each  rural  teacher  last  year  by  the  county  superintendent  of 
schools,  and  this  is  the  usual  amount  of  direct  supervision  given. 
About  one-third  of  the  teachers  outside  of  the  towns  are  teaching 
on  a  third-grade  county  teacher's  certificate. 


Appendix  D  227 

The  first  map  shows  the  districts  as  they  now  exist,  and  the 
second  map  shows  the  result  after  the  county  educational  reor- 
ganization, provided  for  by  Art.  6.  The  county  would  now  be 
made  the  unit,  and  the  108  school-districts  would  now  be  consoli- 
dated into  14  county  attendance-subdistricts.  The  central  city,  as 
it  employs  over  the  25  teachers  required  by  Sec.  34,  is  organized 
as  a  separate  school-district,  and  as  a  city  school-district  of  the 
second  class.  A  city  board  of  education  of  five  would  now  be 
elected  from  the  city  at  large,  to  manage  the  schools  of  the  city 
school-district,  and  a  county  board  of  education  of  five  would  also 
be  elected,  from  the  county  at  large  and  outside  of  the  city,  to 
manage  the  educational  affairs  of  the  county  school-district. 

In  the  reorganization,  one  two-teacher  rural  district,  lying  be- 
tween the  city  of  Chippewa  Falls  and  the  junction  of  the  two  rivers, 
has  been  added  to  the  city  school-district,  for  geographical  as  well 
as  educational  reasons,  though  the  city  limits  do  not  extend  so  far. 
The  five  towns  in  the  county  have  been  used  as  concentrating  cen- 
ters, partly  because  the  location  of  the  roads  makes  this  advisable, 
and  also  because  they  form  the  natural  community  centers.  The 
boundary  lines  of  the  old  school-districts  followed  township  and 
section  lines  very  largely,  as  may  be  seen  by  a  glance  at  the  first 
map ;  the  boundary  lines  of  the  new  subdistricts  follow  the  natural 
geographic  boundaries,  such  as  the  water  courses,  or  the  approxi- 
mate community  boundaries  of  the  different  rural  communities. 
In  two  cases,  subdistricts  I  and  XI,  elongated  subdistricts  have 
been  formed,  extending  beyond  the  community  boundaries,  be- 
cause of  the  ability  to  utilize  the  interurban  electric  road  for  the 
transportation  of  the  children  to  and  from  school.  The  arrows 
and  lines  on  the  subdistrict  maps  show  the  direction  and  length 
of  the  transportation  routes.  These  vary  in  length  from  three  to 
seven  miles,  and  forty-one  transportation  wagons  will  be  required 
to  carry  all  of  the  children.  In  three  subdistricts  both  wagons 
and  the  trolley  are  used. 

By  means  of  such  a  county  educational  reorganization  a  new 
rural  school  system  would  be  created,  capable  of  great  service  to 
rural  people.  In  the  place  of  the  103  little  rural  district  school 
buildings,  many  of  them  pictures  of  neglect,  14  large,  well-built, 


228 


Appendix  D 


Tp.  3.  R.W  Tp.  2,'  R.W 

CHIPPEWA  COUNTY,  AS  IT  is 


Tp.  1,  R.W. 


Now 


This  map  shows  the  educational  organization  of  the  county,  as  it  is  now.  At  the  center  of  the 
county  is  the  city  of  Chippewa  Falls,  which  employs  sixty-two  teachers,  and  maintains  elemen- 
tary, intermediate  and  high  schools,  and  in  addition  has  a  superintendent  and  six  special  super- 
visors. Two  towns  maintain  two-year  high  schools,  the  town  of  Dunkirk  maintains  a  four-year 
high  school,  and  two  villages  have  two-room  graded  schools.  Besides  these  there  are  ninety-nine 
school-districts  in  the  county  employing  one  teacher,  and  four  districts  employing  two  teachers. 
In  105  rural  districts  only  elementary  instruction  is  offered.  These  same  districts  spent,  last 
year,  $6,634  f°r  tuition  in  high  schools. 

The  county,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  map,  is  three  townships  or  eighteen  miles  wide,  and  four 
townships,  or  twenty-four  miles  long,  and  contains  132  square  miles.  It  is  level  and  a  rich  agri- 
cultural section.  Both  steam  roads  and  electric  interurbans  run  in  three  directions  from  the 
central  city. 


Appendix  D 


229 


Seal*    In  miles 

23456 


Tp.  3,  R.W.  Tp.  2,  'RW  Tp.  I.  R.W. 

CUIPPEWA  COUNTY,  REORGANIZED 

This  map  shows  Chippewa  County,  after  it  has  been  reorganized,  as  provided  for  in  article  six 
of  the  Code.  The  108  school-districts  have  been  reduced  to  fourteen,  not  counting  the  central 
city,  and  all  one-teacher  schools  have  been  abandoned.  Instead  there  are  now  fourteen  consoli- 
dated schools,  with  electric  or  wagon  transportation  to  each,  and  seven  of  the  fourteen  provide 
four-year  high  school  courses  in  addition,  while  the  other  seven  provide  two-year  courses.  There 
is,  in  connection  with  one,  a  county  agricultural  high  school,  so  located  as  to  be  easily  accessible 
from  all  parts  of  the  county.  There  is  also  a  parental  home  school,  just  outside  of  the  city, 
maintained  jointly  by  the  city  and  county  districts.  Branch  libraries  arc  maintained  at  all  four- 
teen schools. 

There  are  but  two  school-districts  in  the  county  now,  one  city  school-district  and  one  county 
school-district,  with  fourteen  first  class  and  no  second  class  subdistricts.  Each  subdistrict  hus 
a  board  of  directors  of  three,  or  a  total  of  forty-two  for  llic  county  instead  of  the  three  hundred 
and  thirty  district  trustees  under  the  old  plan.  The  city  board  of  education  is  similarly  reduced 
from  one  of  twelve,  elected  by  wards,  to  one  of  five,  from  the  city  at  large. 

Note  in  how  few  cases  the  new  subdistrict  boundary  lines  follow  the  township  lines,  subdistrict 
XII  alone  being  coincident  with  the  township.  Fourteen  subdistricts  and  one  city  arc  required 
for  the  twelve  townships. 


230 


Appendix  D 


well-lighted,  and  well-heated,  consolidated,  community-center 
school  buildings  would  be  erected,  each  containing  an  assembly 
hall  and  a  branch  county  library,  and  each  a  landmark  in  its  com- 
munity. Under  the  provisions  of  Sec.  133  of  this  Code,  each  would 
have  at  least  5  acres  of  land,  and  hence  would  be  equipped  for 
rural  life  instruction  and  needs.  The  accompanying  picture  and 
floor  plans  of  such  a  building,  built  in  another  state,  show  what 
we  might  expect.  The  great  rural  service  of  such  a  community- 
center  building  can  hardly  be  overestimated. 


A  COMMUNITY-CENTER  SCHOOL 

In  addition  to  providing  for  graded  instruction,  and  special  su- 
pervision for  the  elementary  schools,  perhaps  the  most  important 
single  feature  of  such  a  reorganization  would  be  the  general  pro- 
vision for  secondary  education  for  every  child  in  the  county,  and 
secondary  education  adapted  to  rural  needs  at  that.  In  7  of  the 
14  subdistricts,  two-year  secondary  schools  are  provided  for,  and 
in  the  other  7  full  four-year  courses  are  to  be  maintained.  The 
arrangement  of  these  districts  is  also  such  that  a  four-year  second- 
ary school  is  always  found  in  a  subdistrict  adjacent  to  a  subdistrict 
maintaining  a  two-year  high  school.  In  one  of  the  subdistricts, 
easily  accessible  by  interurban  trolley,  a  four-year  county  second- 
ary school  of  agriculture  is  to  be  maintained,  open  to  any  child 
in  the  county.  The  county  school-district  and  the  city  school- 
district  unite  in  the  maintenance  of  a  parental-home  school,  con- 
veniently located  just  outside  of  the  city  school-district,  and  easily 
accessible  from  all  parts  of  the  county.  County  and  city  attend- 


Appendix  D 


231 


•00000000 

§00000000  D» 


n  a 

ca  a  a  a  a? 
a  a  a  a 


o  a  a  a  ar- 
D  a  a  a  a 


a  a  a  ci 
a  a  a  a  ag 
a  a  a  n  n" 
a  a  a  a  a* 
n  n  n  a  n 
a  a  n  D  a 
a  a  a  a  a 
a  a  a  a  a? 


n  a  a  n  a 
a  a  a  a  a 
a  a  a  a  a 
a  a  a  1=1  o 
a  a  a  in  n 


a  a  a  a  a 

a  a  a  a  a 
a  a  a  a  a- 


[Reproduced  from  Cubberley's  Rural  Life  and  Education,  by  permission  of  Hougbton  Mifflin 
Company.) 

In  the  basement  the  heating  plant  and  fuel  and  janitor's  rooms  are  under  class- 
rooms 3  and  4.  The  manual-training  room  is  under  the  assembly  hall ;  the  domestic 
science  and  sewing  rooms  are  under  the  library  ;  a  science  laboratory  is  under  class- 
room No.  i,  and  an  agricultural  laboratory  is  under  classroom  No.  6.  The  toilet 
rooms  and  showers  are  under  classrooms  2  and  5,  under  2  for  girls  and  women,  and 
under  5  for  boys  and  men,  and  so  arranged  that  they  may  be  entered  by  the  school 
children  by  the  main  stairways  from  above  or  from  the  playground  by  the  rear  base- 
ment entrance  stairs  leading  to  the  library  or  to  the  assembly  hall. 

Note  that  the  six  classrooms  form  a  unit  by  themselves,  and  can  be  closed  off  from 
the  library  and  assembly  hall  entirely.  Similarly  either  the  assembly  hall  or  the 
library  may  be  used,  at  any  time,  without  any  access  to  the  school  proper.  The 
toilet  rooms  in  the  basement  may  be  shut  off,  in  a  similar  manner,  from  the  school. 


232 


Appendix  D 


ance-officers  cooperate  in  the  enforcement  of  the  census  and  com- 
pulsory attendance  laws. 

The  table  below  shows  clearly  the  educational  results  of  such 
a  reorganization.  From  this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  only  66 
teachers  are  really  needed  to  provide  for  the  needs  of  the  ele- 
mentary-school children,  whereas  now  115  teachers  are  required; 

TABLE  NO.  i.    RESULTS  OF  REORGANIZATION  IN  CHIPPEWA 

COUNTY 


j3 

II 

#3 

TEACHERS  Now 
EMPLOYED  IN 

CONSOLIDATED 
SCHOOL  WOULD 
REQUIRE 

TRANSPORTA- 
TION AR- 
RANGEMENTS 

&! 
|| 

5-9 

:- 

"otj 

£> 

b 

~2 

j>  d 

&1 

11 

fcw 

Number  c 
consolida 

Elementa 
Schools 

si 

K£ 

13 

S 

Elementa 
Teachers 

High  Schc 
Teachers 

3 
1 

1! 
IJ 

^2 
HC3 

°| 

22 

rt  •*-*  b 

#,i! 

i 

6 

7 



7 

4 

5 

9 

2 

yes 

4 

n 

7 

7 

— 

7 

4 

2 

6 

4 



2 

m 

5 

6 

2 

8 

4 

3 

7 

3 

— 

4 

IV 

9 

10 

— 

10 

4 

3 

7 

3 

— 

4 

V 

9 

ii 

3 

14 

6 

4 

10 

4 

— 

4 

VI 

6 

6 

— 

6 

4 

2 

6 

3 

— 

2 

vn 

S 

6 

— 

6 

4 

2 

6 

2 

— 

2 

vm 

6 

6 

— 

6 

4 

2 

6 

2 

— 

2 

rx 

6 

6 

— 

6 

4 

2 

6 

3 

•  — 

2 

X 

7 

7 

— 

7 

4 

2 

6 

4 

-  — 

2 

XI 

16 

17 

— 

17 

8 

4 

12 

2 

yes 

4 

xn 

6 

7 

— 

7 

4 

3 

7 

3 



4 

XIII 

ii 

12 

2 

14 

8 

4 

12 

3 

yes 

4 

XIV 

7 

7 

— 

7 

4 

2 

6 

3 



2 

Totals 

108 

US 

7 

122 

66 

40 

106 

4i 

3 

— 

The  only  change  for  th^  central  city  school-district  is  the  annexation  of 
one  two-teacher  school. 

and,  after  adding  33  additional  secondary-school  teachers,  to  pro- 
vide good  secondary-school  instruction  for  all,  and  some  super- 
vision for  each  school,  a  total  of  only  106  teachers  would  be  required. 
This  provides  graded  classroom  instruction  for  all,  with  no  teacher 
in  a  consolidated  school  having  over  two  grades  to  teach,  while  in 


Appendix  D  233 

two  schools  a  teacher  for  every  school  grade  is  provided.  In  addi- 
tion, the  way  is  now  open  for  the  provision  of  good  instruction  in 
special  subjects,  —  music,  drawing,  domestic  science,  manual 
training,  and  agriculture,  —  which  before  was  hardly  possible. 

Of  course  such  a  system  of  rural  education  will  naturally  cost 
more,  though  not  as  much  more  as  one  might  suppose.  As  a  county 
superintendent  in  a  neighboring  state  said,  recently :  "  The  only 
way  to  get  better  schools  is  to  spend  more  money,  in  a  better 
way ;  —  there  is  no  other  way."  The  increased  cost,  though,  will 
be  for  the  very  much  better  educational  facilities  provided,  the 
better  instruction,  and  the  longer  term.  If  only  the  same  kind  of 
supervision  and  the  same  scope  of  instruction  were  provided,  and 
for  the  same  short  term,  the  reorganized  plan,  after  offering 
the  advantages  of  graded  instruction  and  not  over  two  classes 
to  any  one  teacher,  would  actually  be,  after  paying  all  new  charges 
for  the  transportation  of  pupils,  cheaper  than  the  one  now  em- 
ployed. These  facts  can  be  shown  by  a  series  of  financial  tables. 

Table  No.  3  presents  the  cost,  last  year,  for  the  school  system 
maintained  in  Chippewa  County,  outside  of  the  city  of  Chippewa 
Falls,  and  as  shown  on  map  i.  After  deducting  the  state  appor- 
tionment, the  actual  taxation  cost,  on  a  valuation  of  approximately 
$20,000,000.,  outside  of  the  city,  was  .303^  on  the  $100  of 
assessed  valuation. 

Table  No.  4  shows  what  the  same  kind  of  school  system  would 
cost  if  reorganized  as  shown  by  map  2,  and  providing  the  same 
type  of  supervision,  same  length  of  term,  the  same  limited  second- 
ary-school facilities,  and  the  same  scale  of  general  expense  for 
supplies  and  upkeep  of  buildings,  and  assuming  the  same  rate  of 
state  apportionment  as  before.  The  actual  taxation  cost  would 
now  be  but  .232^  on  the  $100  of  assessed  valuation,  or  an 
actual  reduction  in  cost  of  .071^  on  the  $100  in  tax,  or  24  per 
cent,  and  with  a  graded  school  system,  in  new  and  modern  build- 
ings and  with  transportation  included,  substituted  for  the  old 
district  system.  It  would  pay  the  county  to  reorganize  its  schools, 
even  if  no  better  school  facilities  were  provided. 

This,  of  course,  does  not  include  the  cost  of  the  new  school 
buildings  required.  Assuming  that  these  averaged,  with  land, 


234 


Appendix  D 


TABLE  NO.  3.    COST  FOR  THE  COUNTY  SCHOOL  SYSTEM  FOR 
CHIPPEWA   COUNTY,   1912-1913 

(Includes  all  schools  except  those  in  the  central  city.) 

I.  FOR  TEACHERS'  SALARIES 

99  Teachers  in  one-room  rural  schools,  for  an  average  of  6 

months  and  14  days,  and  at  an  average  of  $60  per 

month,  or  $402  per  year 

8  Teachers  in  two-room  rural  schools,  for  six  months  each, 

at  an  average  of  $62.50  per  month,  or  $375  per  year 
1 1  Teachers  in  villages  and  towns,  for  an  average  of  8  months, 
and  at  an  average  of  $65  per  month,  or  $520  per  year 
7  High-school  teachers,  for  eight  months  and  at  $90  per 

month,  or  $720  per  year 
Teachers'  pay  for  7  Saturday  institutes 
Total  for  teachers 


3,000 
5,720 

5,040 
2,745 


$56,303 


n.  FOR  ADMINISTRATION  AND  SUPERVISION 

i  County  superintendent  of  schools  $1,200 

i  Clerical  assistant  to  superintendent  800 

Travel,  printing,  books,  and  office  expenses  6,000 

District  administration  expenses,  at  an  average  of  $12.25 

per  teacher  employed  M7° 

109  District  trustees,  at  annual  trustees'  institute,  at  $2  per 

day  and  expenses  680 

Expenses  connected  with  the  annual  county,  township, 

and  trustees'  institutes  435 

Total  administration  expenses 

m.  SUPPLIES  AND  UPKEEP 

Fuel  for  120  classrooms,  at  $18  each  $2,160 

Library  and  books,  at  an  average  of  $18  per  teacher  2,078 

School  apparatus  and  supplies,  at  an  average  of  $28.50  per 

teacher  3,448 

Janitor  service,  1 20  classrooms  4,850 

Repairs  to  school  buildings,  at  an  average  of  $17.50  per 

classroom  2,118 

Total  supplies  and  upkeep 


$10,585 


IV.  TRANSPORTATION  AND  HIGH-SCHOOL  TUITION 


Transportation  of  pupils 

High-school  tuition,  paid  by  the  districts 
Total  cost  for  present  system 
Received  from  state  apportionment 
Actual  taxation  cost 


•  ____ 
6,635 


$14,654 


$6,635 

88,177 
27,600 

$60,577 


Appendix  D  235 

TABLE   NO.   4.     COST    FOR   THE    REORGANIZED    SCHOOL    SYS- 
TEM,  ON  THE   OLD   BASIS 

I.  FOR  TEACHERS'  SALARIES 

66  Teachers  in  elementary-school  work,  for  an  average  of  7 
months,  at  the  average  pay  of  $61  per  month,  or  $427 
per  year  $28,182 

7  High-school  teachers,  at  $90  per  month,  for  8  months,  or 

$720  per  year  5,040 

Teachers'  pay  for  7  Saturday  institutes  1,630 

Total  for  teachers  $34,852 

Et.  FOR  ADMINISTRATION  AND  SUPERVISION 

i  County  superintendent  of  education  $1,200 

i  Clerical  assistant  to  the  superintendent  800 

Travel,  printing,  books,  and  office  expenses  4,000 

District  administration  expenses,  at  an  average  of  $12.50 

per  teacher  808 

14  Trustees,  at  annual  trustees'  institute,  at  $2  per  day  and 

expenses  88 

Expenses  connected  with  the  annual  county,  district, 
and  trustees'  institutes  435 

Total  administration  expenses  $ 7,331 

III.  SUPPLIES  AND  UPKEEP 

Fuel  for  73  classrooms  (14  bldgs.)  at  $18  each  Sio'4 

Library  and  books,  at  an  average  of  $25  per  teacher  (in- 
creased from  $18  because  of  larger  classes)  1,825 
School  apparatus  and  supplies,  at  $28.50  per  teacher  2,080 
Janitor  service,  14  schools,  for  7  months                                        6,000 
Repairs  to  school  buildings,  at  an  average  of  $17.50  for  each 
of  the  73  classrooms                                                                     1,278 

Total  supplies  and  upkeep  $12,497 

IV.  TRANSPORTATION  AND  TUITION 

41  Transportation  routes,  7  months,  at  $300  each 
Trolley  transportation  for  3  schools 
High-school  tuition,  paid  by  the  districts 
Total  transportation  and  tuition 
Total  cost  for  reorganized  system,  old  basis  73.9J5 

Received  from  state  apportionment 
Actual  taxation  cost  for  reorganized  system 


236  Appendix  D 

$20,000  each,  which  is  probably  high  rather  than  low,  the  total 
cost  for  the  14  buildings  required,  together  with  the  half  cost  of 
providing  the  parental-home  school,  and  after  deducting  money 
received  from  the  sale  of  the  old  buildings  and  sites,  and  received 
from  the  state  as  building  subsidies  under  the  provisions  of  article 
24  of  the  Revised  School  Code,  would  probably  be  about  $200,000. 
For  this,  bonds  would  need  to  be  issued.  At  5  per  cent,  the  interest 
on  these  would  be  $10,000  the  first  year,  decreasing  constantly 
thereafter,  and  $10,000  of  the  bonds  would  need  to  be  retired  each 
year  for  twenty  years.  This  would  mean  a  maximum  bond  and 
interest  charge  of  $20,000  or  a  tax  of  ioj£  on  the  $100  of  assessed 
valuation,  or,  with  this  added,  but  .029^  more  than  the  rate  for 
schools  before  the  reorganization. 

The  universal  experience,  however,  is  that  communities  are  not 
content  to  continue  on  the  old  basis,  once  the  inertia  of  decades  is 
overcome  and  a  reorganization  is  effected,  and  it  is  not  the  intent 
of  this  Code  that  counties  should  continue  on  the  old  basis  as  to 
salaries,  educational  facilities  provided,  length  of  term,  kind  of 
supervision,  supplies,  upkeep,  or  other  items.  A  general  advance 
along  the  whole  line  is  required  by  the  Revised  School  Code,  with 
the  intent  of  providing  the  county  school-districts  of  Osceola, 
as  well  as  the  city  school-districts,  with  a  thoroughly  modern 
and  a  thoroughly  efficient  school  system.  Table  No.  5  shows  what 
such  would  provide,  and  cost.  Map  No.  2  shows  how  the  new 
school  system  would  be  organized. 

TABLE  NO   5.     COST   FOR  THE  REORGANIZED   SYSTEM,  ON 
THE   NEW   BASIS   OF    EXPENDITURE 

I.  FOR  TEACHERS'  SALARIES 

66  Elementary-school  teachers,  at  $75  per  month,  for  9 

months,  or  $675  per  year  $44,550 

26  High-school  teachers,  at  $100  per  month  for  9  months,  or 

$900  per  year  23,400 

14  High-school  teachers,  who  also  act  as  principals  for  the 

schools  at  $150  per  month,  or  $1350  per  year  18,900 

2  Teachers  in  parental-home  school  (half  of  the  cost  for  this 

paid  by  the  city)  1,200 

Teachers'  pay  for  8  Saturday  institutes  3,7 18 

Total  for  teachers  $91,768 


Appendix  D 


237 


n.  FOR  ADMINISTRATION  AND  SUPERVISION 

i  County  superintendent  of  education  $3,000 

i  Assistant  county  superintendent  1,500 

i  Secretary  of  the  county  board  of  education  1,200 

i  County  school  health-officer  2,700 

i  County  school  attendance-officer  1,200 
3  Special  supervisors  (primary  work,  grammar-grade  work, 

and  agriculture)  3, 800 

Travel,  printing,  telephones,  and  office  expenses  7,000 

Total  administrative  expenses  §20,400 


HI.  FOR  SUPPLIES  AND  UPKEEP 

Fuel,  for  75  classrooms  (15  bldgs.)  at  $18  each  $i,35o 

Books  and  supplies,  including  free  text-books  5, 500 

Apparatus  and  laboratory  supplies  15,000 
Extra  expenses,  agricultural  high  school,  for  instruction  and 

extension  work  2,500 

Extra  expenses,  parental-home  school  (J)  800 
Janitor  service,  14  schools,  9  months,  with  one  head-janitor 

for  1 2  months  7,5oo 

Repairs  and  upkeep,  75  rooms,  at  $50  each  3,75° 
Total  for  supplies  and  upkeep 


$36400 


IV.  FOR  THE  COUNTY  LIBRARY 

'  i  County  librarian  $1,800 

14  Branch  librarians,  at  $400  each,  12  months  5,6oo 

For  new  books  for  library  2,000 

For  expenses  of  administration  and  distribution  2,000 

Total  for  county  library  work 


$11,400 


V.  FOR  TRANSPORTATION  AND  TUITION 

41  Transportation  routes,  9  months,  at  $400  each  $16,400 

Trolley  transportation  for  three  schools  400 

High  school  tuition  to  be  paid  (none)  

Total  for  transportation  and  tuition  $16,800 

Total  cost  for  reorganized  system,  new  basis  $176,768 

To  be  received  from  state  apportionment  67,825 

Actual  taxation  cost  for  system  $108,943 

Taxation  cost  for  old  system  60,57? 

Increased  cost  for  the  new  system  $48,366 

Deducting  still  further,  the  amount  previously  spent  by 

the  county  supervisors  on  the  county  library  j  M 

Final  net  increased  taxation  cost  for  the  new  system  $45,166 


238  Appendix  D 

In  all  items  of  expenditure  a  substantial  advance  is  made,  as  will 
be  noticed  by  comparing  Table  5  with  Table  3,  and  the  net  in- 
creased taxation-cost  for  the  new  system  would  be  equal  to  .242^ 
on  the  $100  of  assessed  valuation.  This  amount  would,  in  a  very 
short  time,  be  repaid  to  the  county  by  the  increased  efficiency  of 
the  farming  alone,  due  to  the  general  introduction  of  instruction  in 
agriculture. 


APPENDIX  E 

THE   NEW   STATE  APPORTIONMENT  PLAN 

The  working  of  the  new  state  apportionment  scheme  is  shown  in 
detail  by  Table  6,  this  being  assumed  to  be  a  copy  of  the  state 
apportionment  sheet  for  Chippewa  County,  as  made  out  by  the 
state  department  of  education,  and  forwarded  to  the  county  school 
officials.  This  reveals  how  fully  the  new  apportionment  plan 
provides  for  rewarding  almost  all  of  the  desirable  efforts  made  by  a 
community,  and  for  withholding  rewards  when  effort  is  not  made. 

TABLE  NO.  6.  STATE  APPORTIONMENT  SHEET  FOR 
CHIPPEWA  COUNTY 

(Based  on  the  provisions  of  Chap.  VIII  of  the  Revised  School  Code.) 

I.  THE  COUNTY  SCHOOL-DISTRICT 

1.  Teacher  Grants. 

For  county  superintendent  of  education  (\  salary)  $1,000 

For  i  assistant  county  superintendent  (\  salary)  500 

For  i  county  school  health-officer  (-J  salary)  900 

For  i  county  school  attendance-officer  (\  salary)  4°° 

For  3  special  supervisors,  at  $400  each  1,200 

For  66  elementary-school  teachers,  at  $250  each  16,500 

For  2  parental-home  school  teachers  (£  paid  by  city)  250 

For  40  secondary-school  teachers,  at  $300  each  12,000 

Total  teacher  grants  $32.7SO 

2.  Extra,  Grants  for  Schools  Maintained. 

For  34  years  of  secondary-school  instruction  offered,  in  14 

schools,  at  $100  a  year  $3(4°° 

For  i  4-year  school  of  agriculture  2,000 

For  i  parental-home  school  (i  to  city)  400 

For  extra  grants  for  industrial  courses  4, 200 

Total  extra  school  grants  $10,000 

3.  Attendance  Grants. 

Estimate  of  4000  pupils  in  average  daily  attendance,  under 
reorganized  system,  at  an  estimated  sum  of  $2  each  $  8,000 

239 


240 


Appendix  E 


4.  Library  Grants. 

For  i  county  library  maintained  (f  cost  of) 
For  14  branch  county  libraries,  at  $250  each 
For  purchase  of  books  and  free  text-books,  on 
66  elementary-school  teachers,  at  $25  each 
40  secondary-school  teachers,  at  $35  each 
Total  library  grants 


$1,200 
3,500 

1,650 
1,400 


$7,750 


$.  Consolidated-school  Grants. 

For  14  consolidated  community-center  schools,  $150  per 
teacher  for  all  teachers  over  3  and  less  than  6  in  number 
in  any  school,  or  a  total  of  62  teachers  $9,300 

Total  from  state  apportionments  for  county  school- 
district  $67,800 


II.  THE  CITY  SCHOOI^DISTEICT 
i.  Teacher  Grants. 

For  i  city  superintendent  of  education  (f  salary)  $1,200 

For  i  city  school  health-officer  (§  salary)  1,000 

For  i  city  school  attendance-officer  (£  salary)  400 

For  4  special  supervisors,  at  $400  each  1,600 

For  4  kindergarten  teachers,  at  $250  each  1,000 

For  36  elementary-school  teachers,  at  $250,  each  9,000 

For  8  intermediate-school  teachers,  at  $275  each  2,200 

For  9  secondary-school  teachers,  at  $300  each  2,700 
For  2  industrial-school  teachers,  intermediate-school 

grade,  at  $275  each  550 

For  2  parental-home  school  teachers  ($  to  county)  250 
Total  teacher  grants 


$19,900 


.  Extra  Grants  for  Schools  Maintained. 

For  4  years  of  secondary-school  instruction  offered,  at 
$100  per  year  $400 

For  courses  in  industrial  and  household  work 
4  courses  in  intermediate  schools,  at  $100  400 

2  courses  in  secondary  schools,  at  $i  25  250 

For  i  city  industrial  school  maintained  800 

For  i  parental-home  school  (£  to  county)  400 

Total  extra  school  grants 


$2,050 


3.  Attendance  Grants. 

For  2455  pupils  in  average  daily  attendance,  at  an  esti- 
mated sum  of  $2  each 


$4,910 


Appendix  E  241 

4.  Library  Grants. 

For  i  city  free-library,  under  control  of  school  board  (J 

expenses)  $1,200 

For  purchase  of  books  and  free  text-books  on 

41  elementary-school  teachers,  at  $25  l>O25 

10  intermediate-school  teachers,  at  $30  300 

10  secondary-school  teachers,  at  $35  350 

Total  library  grants  .  $2,825 

Total  from  state  apportionments  for  the  city  school- 
district  $32,140 

SUMMARY 

Total  apportionments  for  county  school-district  $67,800 

Total  apportionments  for  city  school-district  32,140 

Total  to  Chippewa  County  $99,940 


APPENDIX  F 
SELECTED    SUCCESS-GRADE   FORMS 

The  following  is  another  plan,  suggested  by  a  Professor  of 
Education  in  the  state  university  of  a  neighboring  state. 

PROVISIONAL   PLAN   FOR   THE   MEASURE  OF   MERIT 
OF  TEACHERS 

(Used  by  permission  of  Professor  EDWARD  C.  ELLIOTT,  of  the  University 
of  Wisconsin) 

GENERAL  PROPOSITIONS 

1.  Does  not  the  general  betterment  of  educational  achievement 

finally  depend  upon,  (a)  the  analysis  of  the  complex  teaching 
process  into  its  essential,  constituent  elements;  and  (b)  the 
recognition  and  possession  by  teachers  of  the  qualities  and 
capacities  upon  which  these  elements  are  grounded  ? 

2.  Is  it  not  possible  to  devise  and  to  apply  to  the  teaching  process 

impersonal,  objective  standards  of  value  whereby  the  relative 
worth  and  efficiency  of  teachers  may  be  determined  more 
justly  and  with  greater  precision  than  under  the  prevailing 
practices  ? 

3.  As  fundamental  conditions  for  the  cumulative  improvement  of 

teaching  and  for  the  greater  effectiveness  of  school  organiza- 
tion, should  not  teachers,  (a)  be  encouraged  and  trained  to 
determine  their  own  professional  worth  in  accordance  with 
standards  mutually  agreed  upon  by  teachers  and  supervisors ; 
(&)  receive  the  benefits  of  direct,  constructive  criticism,  and 
the  stimulation  of  continuous,  skillful,  personal,  non-interfer- 
ing supervision ;  and  (c)  claim  exemption  from  snap  measure- 
ments of  their  merit  based  upon  casual  visitation  and  inter- 
mittent inspection,  and  from  the  unsupported,  arbitrary 
judgments  of  superiors  ? 

242 


Appendix  F 


243 


4.  Does  not  the  economical  improvement  of  the  products  of  public 
education  require  that  the  conditions  and  results  of  the 
teacher's  work  be  tested  by  methods  of  an  objective,  quanti- 
tative character  rather  than  by  judgments  of  a  subjective, 
qualitative  nature  ? 

PROVISIONAL  PLAN  FOR  THE  MEASURE  OF  MERIT  OF 
TEACHERS 


City  (District)  ------------     School 

Teacher  -----------------     Grade  - 


Room  - 
Subject 


No.  of  Pupils  — 
Special  conditions 


Date  -- 


GENERAL  INSTRUCTIONS 

Deduct  from  possible  10;  very  slight,  2 ;  slight,  4 ;  marked,  6 ;  very  marked,  7 ; 

extreme,  8.     (Possible  20,  40,  60,  80,  or  100,  in  same  proportion.) 
Total  efficiency  =  Total  Individual  Efficiency  plus  Total  Directed  Efficiency. 
Minimum  standard  for  approval;  according  to  the  standards  and  exigencies  of 

the  school  or  school  system. 


INDIVIDUAL  EFFICIENCY  —  800  UNITS 

SUG- 
GESTED 
VALUES 

DEFI- 
CIEN- 
CIES 

DETER- 
MINED 
VALUES 

I.   Physical  Efficiency  —  80  units 

(80) 

i.  Impressions  —  general 

10 

2.  Health  —  general 

20 

3.  Voice 

2O 

4.  Habits  —  personal 

IO 

5.  Energy  and  endurance;   power  of  relaxa- 

tion 

20 

77.  Moral  —  Native  Efficiency  —  100  units 

(700) 

i.  Self-control 

2O 

2.  Optimism  —  enthusiasm 

20 

3.  Sympathy  —  tact 

20 

4.  Industry  —  sense  of  responsibility 

IO 

5.  Adaptability 

IO 

6.  Sense  of  humor 

10 

7.  Judicial  mindedness 

10 

244 


Appendix  F 


INDIVIDUAL  EFFICIENCY  —  800  UNITS 

SUG- 
GESTED 
VALUES 

DEFI- 
CIEN- 
CIES 

DETER- 
MINED 
VALUES 

///.  Administrative  Efficiency  —  80  units 

(80) 

i.  Regularity  at  post  of  duty 

10 

2.  Initiative;  resourcefulness 

20 

3.  Promptness  and  accuracy 

10 

4.  Executive  capacity 

20 

5.  Economy  (time,  property) 

IO 

6.  Cooperation  (associates  and  superiors) 

IO 

IV.  Dynamic  Efficiency  —  180  units 

(180) 

i.  Preparation.      Including:    a.  intellectual 

capacity;    b.   academic  education;    c. 

professional  training;  d.  command  and 

use  of  English 

20 

2.  Professional  attitudes  and  interest 

IO 

3.  Human  nature  attitudes  and  interest 

(Appreciation  of  values  —  physical,  intel- 

lectual, social,  and  moral,  in  child  life) 

IO 

4.  Instructional  skill 

80 

Including  : 

a.  Definiteness  of  aim  and  procedure 

b.  Attention  and  interest  of  pupils 

c.  Formality  vs.  vitality  of  instruction 

d.  Motor  vs.  verbal  methods 

e.  Application  of   the   technique  of 

teaching  ;  organization  and  pres- 

entation of  subject  matter;   the 

recitation  as  an  artistic  product 

/.  Application  of  the  technique  of  liv- 

ing ;  extent  and  quality  of  partici- 

pation and  contribution  of  pupils  ; 

the  recitation  as  a  democratic  ac- 

tivity 

g.  The  tools  and  machinery  of  instruc- 

tion ;  effective  adaptation 

k.  Assignment  of  work 

5.  Responsiveness  to  directions  and  sugges- 

tions 

20 

6.  Governmental  and  directive  skill 

(discipline) 

40 

V.  Projected  Efficiency  —  50  units 

(50) 

i  .  Economical  oversight  of  pupils  not  imme- 

diately under  instruction 

IO 

Appendix  F 


245 


INDIVIDUAL  EFFICIENCY  —  800  UNITS 


SUG- 
GESTED 
VALVES 


DEFI- 
CIEN- 
CIES 


DETER- 
MINED 
VALUES 


2.  Continuing  preparation 

a.  Daily ;  b.  Weekly ;  c.  Annual 

3.  The  school  program 

4.  Increase  of  professional  equipment  (profes- 

sional associations,  study,  and  reading; 
travel) 

VI.  Achieved  Efficiency  —  250  units 

1.  Respect  of  pupils  and  community 

2.  Leadership;  stimulation  of  individuals  and 

community 

3.  School  achievement 

a.  Responsiveness  of  pupils ;  readiness  and 

accuracy 

b.  Illustrative  results 

c.  Examinations;     rate   and   amount   of 

progress  of  pupils 

VII.  Social  Efficiency  —  60  units 

1.  Intra-mural  interests 

2.  Extra-mural  interests 

a.  Cultural  and  ethical 

b.  Civic 

c.  School  —  patrons 

Total  Individual  Efficiency 


10 
10 


(250) 
3° 

30 


3° 
80 

80 

(60) 

3° 

10 
10 

10 


800 


SUG- 

DEFI- 

DETER- 

DIRECTED EFFICIENCY  —  200  UNITS 

GESTED 

CIEN- 

MINED 

VALUES 

CIES 

VALUES 

/.   Supervisory  Efficiency  —  200  units 

(200) 

i.  Constructive  criticism 

40 

2.  Non-interfering  supervision 

40 

3.  Community  encouragement 

40 

4.  Professional  confidence 

40 

5.  Recognition  of  individuality 

40 

Total  Directed  Efficiency 

200 

246  Appendix  F 

SUMMARY 

Determined  Individual  Efficiency units 

Determined  Directed  Efficiency units 

Total  Efficiency units 

SPECIAL   NOTE 

It  is  believed  that  this  analytical  plan  for  the  study  of  teaching  merit  will  be 
of  the  greater  service  if  placed  directly  in  the  hands  of  teachers  for  their  own 
guidance,  and  as  a  basis  for  cooperative  effort  between  teachers  and  supervisors. 
The  plan  is  not  intended  to  be  used  as  a  score  card  by  inspectors. 

While  the  numerical  values  assigned  to  the  several  items  are  thought  to 
represent  general  proportional  worths,  they  may  be  considered  as  arbitrary,  and 
as  affording  merely  a  convenient  device  for  the  recording  of  objective  judgments 
and  for  the  better  diagnosis  of  defects. 

SELECTED  SUCCESS-GRADES 

The  following  law  and  success  schedules  illustrate  the  plan  in  use 
in  a  neighboring  state. 

(1903,  p.  291.    Approved  March  9,  1903.    In  force  April  23,  1903.) 

Items  for  Success-Grades.  —  i.  The  State  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction  is  hereby  required  to  provide  from  time  to  time 
such  schedule  of  items  as  should,  in  his  judgment,  enter  into  the 
record  and  grading  in  the  item  of  a  teacher's  success  by  the  City, 
Town,  and  County  Superintendent  of  schools. 

Superintendents  furnish  Items.  —  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
City,  Town,  and  County  Superintendents  of  schools  to  visit  each 
year  the  teachers  under  their  charge  and  supervision,  and  from 
personal  inspection  and  otherwise  make  an  itemized  statement  and 
grading  of  the  success  of  each  teacher  under  their  charge,  and  in 
accordance  with  the  rules  and  schedule  of  the  State  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction,  as  provided  in  Section  i  of  this  act. 

Issuance  and  Record  of  Success  Statement.  —  3.  It  shall  be  the 
duty  of  each  school  superintendent  to  issue  over  his  signature 
and  deliver  to  each  teacher  under  his  supervision,  not  later  than 


Appendix  F  247 

July  i,  each  year,  such  a  statement  of  the  success  of  each  as  is 
contemplated  in  Section  2  of  this  act,  and  shall  keep  on  file  in  a  per- 
manent record  book  duplicates  of  all  such  statements.  A  teacher's 
success-grade  so  issued  shall  be  his  legal  success-grade  for  one  year 
from  the  date  of  its  issuance. 

SCHEDULES  OF  SUCCESS  ITEMS 
FORM  I 

FOR  THE  USE  OF  COUNTY  SUPERINTENDENTS 

I.   Qualification  o  to  20 

1.  Natural  ability  and  personality  (o  to  10) 

2.  Scholarship  (o  to    5) 

3.  Professional  training  (o  to    5) 

II.   The  recitation  o  to  40 

1 .  Subject  matter  —  appropriateness  of  (o  to  5) 

2.  Purpose  (o  to  5) 
3-  Plan  (o  to  5) 

4.  Preparation  — 

a.  Teacher  (o  to  5) 

6.  Pupils  (o  to  5) 

5-  Skill  (o  to  5) 

6.  Thoroughness  (o  to  5) 

7.  Assignment  (o  to  5) 

III.   Relation  of  TeacJier  to  the  School  and  Community  o  to  40 

1.  Classification  and  gradation  (o  to    5) 

2.  Industry,  and  interest  in  the  aims  and  plans  of  the 

school  community  (o  to    5) 

3.  Governing  ability  (o  to  10) 

4.  Sanitary  conditions  and  neatness  (o  to    5) 

5.  Care  of  school  property,  keeping  records,  making 

reports  (o  to    5) 

6.  Cooperation  with  other  teachers,  the  Trustee,  and 

County  Superintendent  (o  to  5) 

7.  Libraries,  reading  circles,  and  journals  (o  to  5) 


Total  % 

Teacher 

County  Superintendent. 
191- 


248  Appendix  F 


FORM  II 

FOR  THE  USE  OF  CITY  AND  TOWN  SUPERINTENDENTS  DESIRING  A 
BRIEF  SCHEDULE 

7.   Teaching  ability  55% 

1.  Professional  attainment  (20%) 

2.  Conduct  of  the  recitation  (15%) 

3.  Results  in  scholarship  of  pupils  (20%) 

II.  Governing  and  Disciplinary  Ability  30% 

1.  Moral  and  social  influence  on  pupils  and  community         (10%) 

2.  Ability    to    develop    self-reliance,    industry,    integrity, 

fidelity,  etc.  (10%) 

3.  Personality  of  the  teacher  (10%) 

777.  Professional  and  Community  Interest  15% 

1.  Cooperation  with  other  teachers  and  supervisors  (5%) 

2.  Interest  in  aims  and  plans  of  the  school  (5%) 

3.  Professional  ambition  and  growth  (5%) 

Total  % 

Teacher 


^^Superintendent 


IQI- 

FORM  HI 


FOR  THE  USE  OF  CITY  AND  TOWN   SUPERINTENDENTS  DESIRING  A  MORE 
DETAILED  SCHEDULE 

7.   Teaching  Ability  55% 

A.  Professional  attainment  (20%) 

1.  Scholastic  preparation 

2.  Professional  training 

B.  The  recitation  (15%) 

1.  Preparation  of  teacher  and  pupils 

2.  Appropriateness  of  subject  matter 

3.  Defmiteness  of  aim  and  purpose 

4.  Skill  in  questioning 

5.  Progression  in  plan 

6.  Care  in  assignments  of  lessons 
7..  Balancing  of  lines  of  work 

C.  Results  in  scholarship  of  pupils  (20%) 

1.  Acquisition  of  facts  and  relations 

2.  Accuracy 

3.  General  information 

4.  Awakening  of  scholarly  interests 

5.  Clearness  and  elegance  of  expression 


Appendix  F  249 

77.  Governing  and  Disciplinary  Ability  30% 

A.  Moral  and  social  influence  on  pupils  and  community       (10%) 
Ability  to  develop  in  the  pupils  the  altruistic  virtues  — 

recognition  of  law  and  social  rights 

B.  Ability  to  develop  egoistic  virtues  —  industry,  honesty, 

reliability,  fidelity,  etc.  (10%) 

C.  Personality  and  appearance  of  teacher  (10%) 
Personal  and  moral  worth  and  influence,  habits,  dis- 
position, health,  attire,  sympathy,  energy,  manliness 

or  womanliness,  honesty,  etc. 

777.  Professional  and  Community  Interest  15% 

A.  Cooperation  with  other  teachers  and  with  supervisors       (s%) 

B.  Interest  in  aims  and  plans  of  school  community  (S%) 

1.  Care  of  school  property  — 

a.  Protection  of  supplies  and  furniture 

b.  Neatness 

c.  School  decoration 

2.  Building  up  of  strong  school  sentiment  in  the  com- 

munity 

3.  Educational,  literary,  or  social  club  work 

C.  Professional  pursuits  (5%) 

1.  Present  lines  of  professional  study 

2.  Reading  of  educational  literature 

3.  Attendance    upon    summer    schools,   institutes,   and 

associations 

Total  % 

Teacher 


Town[SuPerintendent- 


IQI- 


Form  I,  as  indicated,  is  for  the  use  of  County  Superintendents  in 
grading  the  teachers  under  their  supervision.  Form  II  is  for  the 
Town  and  City  Superintendents.  Form  III  is  a  detailed  analysis 
of  Form  II,  and  is  intended  more  especially  for  the  guidance  of 
teachers  in  their  study,  but  may  be  used  by  the  City  and  Town 
Superintendents  desiring  the  longer  form. 

The  City  and  Town  Superintendents  should  hand  the  success- 
grades  to  their  teachers  not  later  than  July  ist  each  year,  and  for- 
ward copies  of  the  same  to  the  County  Superintendents,  who  will 
keep  the  official  success  records  for  the  counties. 

The  County  Superintendents  should  ask  the  County  Councils 


250  Appendix  F 

to  provide  supplies  of  blanks  and  records  made  necessary  by  the 
passage  of  this  act. 

The  following  explanations  of  the  schedule  are  submitted:  By 
"scholastic  preparation"  is  meant  the  time  spent  in  study  in  some 
of  the  higher  educational  institutions  in  addition  to  the  scholarship 
as  shown  on  license.  Teachers  should  be  encouraged  to  study  at 
least  four  years  in  advance  of  the  work  they  are  engaged  in.  A 
high  school  teacher  should  have  a  four  years'  college  course,  and  a 
grade  teacher  at  least  a  four  years'  high  school  course,  etc. 

The  teacher  who  is  really  interested  professionally  is  the  one  who 
seeks  most  persistently  to  better  fit  herself  both  by  scholastic  and 
professional  training  for  more  thorough  work.  Experience  is 
sometimes  counted  by  Superintendents  as  a  large  factor  in  marking 
success,  but  the  teacher  who  has  taught  twenty  or  more  years  may 
have  shown  in  all  that  time  no  professional  interest  and  little  ability, 
and  may  have  been  unwilling  to  spend  any  of  her  time  or  money  in 
real  preparation  for  her  work.  It  seems  to  me  that  a  teacher  who 
is  willing  to  teach  ten  or  twelve  years  without  first  having  made 
extensive  preparation  for  good  work  in  some  first-class  school, 
ought  to  be  ranked  very  low  in  success. 

The  remaining  items  under  I  and  II  will  be  readily  understood. 

By  "Community  Interest"  is  meant  the  cooperation  of  teacher 
with  the  other  teachers  and  the  Principal  or  Superintendent  in 
furthering  the  aims  and  plans  of  the  school  community.  Many 
teachers  who  are  satisfactory  in  their  schoolroom  work  do  not  fit 
into  the  community  life  of  the  school.  They  are  controlled  by 
little  troubles  of  various  kinds,  and  are  often  exclusive  and  self- 
centered.  This  always  gives  annoyance  to  the  Principal  and  keeps 
him  constantly  adjusting  troubles.  Again,  many  good  teachers 
are  without  ambition  to  assist  in  the  general  welfare  of  the  school. 
They  look  after  their  own  room,  but  give  no  time  or  attention  to 
help  carry  out  the  suggestions  from  the  Principal  or  Superintendent. 
The  best  teacher  cooperates  heartily  with  her  Principal,  her  Super- 
intendent, and  associates  in  all  movements  for  the  improvement  of 
the  school  and  the  school  community. 

\-  "Professional  Pursuits"  is  an  important  item.    A  teacher  who  is 
satisfied  simply  to  teach  school  without  investigating  and  improv- 


Appendix  F  251 

ing,  except  as  suggested  by  the  Principal  or  Superintendent,  is  not 
doing  her  best.  She  should  be  interested  in  good  works  on  peda- 
gogy, psychology,  methods,  etc.  Her  reading  of  school  periodicals, 
attendance  upon  educational  gatherings,  her  knowledge  of  current 
events  and  the  literature  of  the  day,  are  all  important  factors  to 
be  considered  in  marking  the  success-grade. 

The  difficulty  in  applying  these  schedules  will  be  in  marking  the 
details.  After  having  marked  the  items  conscientiously,  the  Super- 
intendent often  finds  that  he  does  not  give  his  real  estimate  of  the 
teacher.  He  feels  that  it  is  too  much  or  too  little,  especially  when 
she  is  compared  with  other  teachers  whom  he  has  marked  just  as 
carefully  on  the  same  plan. 

The  Superintendent  should  have  in  mind  all  the  items  mentioned 
in  the  schedules,  but  it  will  be  difficult  to  mark  them  separately. 
After  all,  one's  "general  impression"  of  a  school  is  a  better  guide 
than  the  summary  of  the  several  items,  especially  when  the  Super- 
intendent is  in  doubt. 

A  teacher  is  successful  when  she  is  training  her  children  to  love 
order,  obedience,  politeness,  and  to  have  reverence  for  things 
sacred.  In  judging  the  work  of  a  gardener  we  pay  very  little  atten- 
tion to  the  "method"  of  planting,  sowing,  cultivating,  or  reaping, 
but  the  emphasis  is  placed  upon  the  growing  plant  in  its  various 
stages,  and  to  the  finished  product.  Likewise,  in  passing  judgment 
upon  the  work  of  the  teacher,  the  general  spirit  of  the  school, 
rather  than  the  detailed  analysis;  the  "general  impression"  of 
the  teacher's  worth  instead  of  the  grading  of  the  several  items, 
should  guide  the  Superintendent  in  marking  the  success-grades. 

Appeal  from  Statement.  —  4.  The  State  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction  is  hereby  authorized  to  investigate  and  revise  such 
cases  of  unfair  grading  in  the  items  of  a  teacher's  success  as  may  be 
brought  to  his  attention  in  a  written  appeal,  made  and  sworn  to 
before  any  person  authorized  to  administer  oaths,  not  later  than 
thirty  days  after  the  issuance  of  said  grade.  All  such  sworn  state- 
ments and  papers  relating  to  the  case  shall  be  filed  with  the  County 
Superintendent  of  schools,  and  shall  by  him  be  forwarded  to  the 
State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  within  ten  days  after 
the  filing  of  such  appeal. 


INDEX 


In  many  respects  the  Analytical  Table  of  Contents  given  at  the  beginning  of  this 
book  forms  a  better  index  than  can  be  given  here,  as  it  is  arranged  in  the  same  logi- 
cal form  as  the  Constitution  and  Code.  For  convenience  in  consulting  the  material 
contained  in  this  volume  the  following  alphabetical  index  is  added. 


93 

94 
30 

114 
123 

I2O 

I2O 


Page 

Administration  of  school  system        5 
Advisory    county    educational 

boards 47 

Age  limits  for  schooling   .     . 
Agricultural  education  — 

County  schools  for       .     . 

County  schools,  courses  in 

Division  of,  in  state  dept. 
Apportionment  of  funds  — 

Basis  of 

Basis  of,  for  state  fund 

County  school  tax   .     .     . 

State  school-fund  income 
Attendance  and  term  .  . 
Attendance-officer  — 

Appointment  of       ... 

Comr.  Educ.  may  remove     .     207 
Average  daily  attendance   de- 
fined       107 

Blind  children  —  Education  of  201 

Bonds  —  School  district       .     .  129 

Sale  and  redemption  of  .     .  130 

Buildings,  School  — 

Approval  of  plans  for       .     .  127 

Care  of,  by  janitors     .     .     .  132 

Condemnation  of     ....  128 

Erection  of 128 

Insurance  of 133 

Plumbing  facilities       .     .     .  127 

Sanitary  surveys  of      ...  128 

State  aid  for  consolidated     .  131 
State  aid  for  county  schools  of 

agriculture 132 

State  plans  for 126 

Suitable  accommodations  re- 
quired      125 

Tax  for,  or  bonding     .    .    .  129 

Use  of   .                                 .  126 


Sec- 
tion 

4 

22 
84         63 


H3 
1 2O 

"5 

116 

63 

20 
53 


103 

239 
130 
131 

125 
135 
127 
127 
136 
126 
127 
133 

134 
124 

121 
129 
123 


Page 


Sec- 
tion 


Business  division  of  state  depart- 
ment of  education     .     .     .  27  12 
Business  manager  in  cities    .     .  78  51 

Census,  School  — 

A  continuing  census     .     .     .  187  223 

Maintaining  the  same      .     .  187  224 

New  census  to  be  taken    .     .  185  221 

Census  board  in  cities     .     .     .  189  226 

Certificates,  teachers  — 

City-district  certificates    .     .  172  196 

Elementary-school       .     .     .  155  172 

Health-officer 171  192 

Intermediate-school     .     .     .  159  175 

Kindergarten 154  170 

Librarian's 171  193 

Provisional 171  195 

School-janitor's        ....  171  194 

Secondary-school     .     .     .     .  161  177 

Special       169  190 

Supervisory 163  180 

Vocational 1 66  183 

Validity  of,  for  teaching  .     .  181  215 

Certification  of  teachers  — 

Certificates  continued       .     .  148  161 

Certificates  required     .     .     .  148  160 

Interstate  comity    ....  150  164 

Number  of  examinations       .  150  165 

Registration  required  .     .     .  151  166 

State  system  of        ....  149  162 

Success  schedules  for   ...  151  167 

Suspension  and  revocation    .  153  169 

Charitable  and  penal  institutions  6  5 

Child  labor  —  When  prohibited  202  240 
Age  certificates  and  working 

permits     .           ....  203  241 

Child  welfare  division  in  state 

department  of  education   .  31  12 

City  and  county  governments 

combined    .  80  n 


253 


254 


Index 


Page 

Sec- 
tion 

City  boards  of  education  — 

Constitution  of  

64 

^7 

General  powers  of   .... 

W*T 

10 

o  / 
9 

Powers  and  duties  of   ... 

76 

47 

City     industrial     and     trade 

schools        

QA. 

83 

City  normal  schools    .... 

y*r 

1  08 

105 

City  school-districts  — 

Creation  of     

65 

39 

Powers  of  boards  for    .     .     . 

71 

46 

City  school-district  certificates. 

(See  Certificates.) 

City    superintendent    of    edu- 

cation — 

Appointment  of      .... 

72 

46 

In  cities  of  first  class    .    .    . 

77 

50 

Clinical  child  psychologist   .     . 

136 

140 

Commissioner  of  education  — 

Approve    county     reorgani- 

zation plans    

57 

3° 

May      remove      attendance 

officer     

207 

248 

Make  regulations  for  certifi- 

cation of  teachers    .     .    . 

149 

163 

Powers  and  duties        .     .     . 

u 

6 
II 

Compulsory  education  — 

Age  limits  for      

190 

227 

Attendance  elsewhere       .    . 

192 

228 

All  schools  to  report     .     .     . 

193 

230 

Attendance  officer's  duties    . 

195 

232 

Arrest  of  truants     .... 

195 

233 

Children  exempted       .     .     . 

190 

227 

Definition  of  truants    .     .     . 

196 

234 

Duty  of  parents      .... 

192 

229 

Illiterate  minors      .... 

206 

245 

Parental-home  schools      .     . 

197 

235 

Constitutional  mandate       .    . 

3 

i 

Contagious  diseases    .... 

137 

142 

County  the  unit  for  schools 

38 

14 

County  boards  of  education  — 

Constitution        

38 

15 

Meetings    

39 

17 

Powers  and  duties        .     .     . 

fxo 

I  39 

9 
18 

Secretary  for       

46 

20 

County   educational   organiza- 

fio 

9 

tion  

138 

14 

County   educational   reorgani- 

^ *j 

zation     

55 

27 

Approval  of  plan     .... 

57 

30 

Commission  for       .... 

55 

27 

County  school  tax      .... 

108 

105 

Sec- 
County  superintendent  of  edu- 
cation      44      19 

Assistant  superintendents     .      47      21 

Powers  and  duties  ....      48      23 

Courses  of  study,  control  of  12       13 

Deaf  and  dumb  —  Educ.  of     .     201     239 
Defectives  and  dependents  — 

Education  of       208    250 

Department  of  education,  state. 

(See  State  department.) 
District  school-tax      ....     109     106 
Districts,  school  — 

City  school-districts     . 

Classification  of       .    . 

Control  of      .... 


60 
59 
{55 
\6i 


Joint  districts 60 

School  w.  civil 4 

Editorial  division  of  state  depart- 
ment of  education    ...  35 
Educational  board,  County  ad- 
visory       47 

Elections,  school 67 

Electors  and  ballots  ....  69 
Elementary  education  division 
of  state  department  of  edu- 
cation       32 

Elementary  schools     ....  81 
Elementary  school  instruction  86 
Examining  division  of  state  de- 
partment of  education       .  33 

Exclusion  from  schools         •     •  {  g 

Extension  division  of  state  de- 
partment of  education       .  34 
Extension  education    ....  12 


34 
33 
26 
35 
33 
3 


22 
40 
43 


57 
68 


64 

144 

12 
14 


Fiscal  year 112     no 

Fund,  state  school       .     .    .     .     112     no 
Funds,  use  of  different    .     .     .     121     118 

Health  examinations  ....     137     141 

Health-officer  certificates.     (See 
Certificates.) 

Health  supervision  and  instruc- 
tion required 134     137 

Health    supervisors  —  certifi- 
cation of 134    138 

Health  work  in  the  schools  — 

Purposes  of 135     139 

Holidays,  school 85      66 


Index 


255 


Illiterate  minors  to  attend 

school 206 

Industrial  education  division  of 

state  department  of  education  34 

Industrial  schools  in  cities   .    . 

Industrial  schools  —  instruc- 
tion in 95 

Information  division  of  state 
department  of  education 

Institutes  —  Annual  .... 

Local  meetings 

State  district  meetings  .  . 
State  department  to  assist  . 

Instruction,  language  of       .     . 

Intermediate  schools       .     .    . 

Intermediate  school  instruction 

Intermediate  school  certificates. 
(See  Certificates.) 


Janitor's     certificates. 
Certificates.) 


(Stt 


Kindergartens 83 

Kindergarten  certificates.     (Set 
Certificates.) 

Language  of  instruction       .    . 
Legal  division  of  state  depart- 
ment of  education    .    .    . 
Legislation,  state  board  to  rec- 
ommend       

Librarians,  County     .... 
Librarian's     certificates.     (Set 

Certificates.) 
Librarian,  state  — 
Appointment  of       .... 
Head  of  library  system    .    . 

Libraries,  county 95 

Cities  may  join  .    .    . 
County  branches     .    . 

Schools  and 97 

Library,  state  — 

Control  of 

Division  of  state  department 
of  education 30 

Museum,  state  — 

Control  of 

Division  of  state  department 
of  education 

Negroes,  special  schools  for     . 


Page 

Sec- 
tion 

Page 

Sec- 
tion 

Normal  schools  — 

206 

241; 

City      146 

ic6 

*tj 

Courses  of  instruction  in   .     .     143 

i$U 

152 

•134 

12 

Graduates  certificated      .     .     145 

155 

94 

83 

Government  of  each  school        144 

153 

Local  training  schools       .     .     146 

156 

95 

84 

Powers  and  duties  of  trustees     1  44 

154 

State  schools       143 

150 

34 

12 

To  whom  open    143 

151 

182 

218 

182 

217 

Oversight  and  control  of  schools     18 

3 

183 

2  2O 

183 

219 

Parental-home  schools     .    .    .    197 

235 

88 

71 

Commitment  to       ....     198 

236 

82 

58 

Parochial  schools    

87 

69 

Approval  for  attendance  at        209 

252 

Exemption  from  taxation      .     213 

258 

Reports  required  from      .    .    an 

254 

Paroled  children     200 

237 

Pensions  for  teachers       .     .     .     176 

206 

Pensions  —  basis  of  plan      .    .     177 

207 

Poor-relief  for  children    .    .     .     200 

238 

83 

60 

Private  schools  — 

Approval  for  attendance       .     209 

253 

Exemption  from  taxation      .     213 

258 

Reports  required  from      .     .    an 

254 

88 

71 

Public  education  not  exclusive      209 

251 

Publication  of  state  department 

28 

12 

of  education    35 

13 

7 

5 

Reading-circle  board        .    .    .     178 

208 

95 

8? 

Reading-circle  books       .     .     .     178 

209 

Reading-circle  examinations     .     180 

213 

Reading-circle  exemptions   .     .     181 

216 

Reading-circle  syllabus    .     .    .     179 

an 

30 

12 

Reports  of  state  board  of  edu-    f   7 

5 

98 

91 

cation     [35 

13 

95 

86 

Rural-education     division     of 

98 

90 

state  department  of  edu- 

95 

88 

cation     31 

la 

97 

89 

Sanitary  control                        .  1  I37 

142 

7 

5 

MS 

Sanitary  division  of  state  de- 

30 

12 

partment  of  education       .       30 

12 

Sanitary  surveys  of  buildings  .     128 

127 

School  corporations     ....        4 

3 

7 

5 

School  corporations  and  taxation    n 

10 

School  districts.     (See  Districts.) 

30 

la 

Schoolhouse-construction    divi- 

sion   of  state  department 

f    4 

2 

of  education    30 

xa 

u 

63 

School  census.    (See  Census.) 

256 


Index 


School  fund,  state 

Income  from      .     . 

School  funds,  local      .... 
School  supplies  to  be  furnished 

Schools,  types  of,  provided  for 


Page 

8 

106 
"3 
1 20 
107 
142 
4 
13 
18 
81 


107 

*    6 

.  20 


Sec- 
tion 

7 

100 

III 
116 
104 
149 

2 

14 
2 

57 


Schools,  classification  of       .     . 
Secondary-education  division  of 
state  department  of  edu- 
cation      32 

Secondary  schools 82 

Secondary-school  advantages    .      89 
Secondary-school  instruction    .      88 
Secretary  county  boards  of  edu- 
cation — 

Appointment  of      ....      46 
Powers  and  duties  ....      52 
Sectarian  schools  and  aid     .    .      n 
Sectarian  schools  and  taxation      213 
Special  certificates.    (See  Cer- 
tificates.) 

Special-class  schools    ....      83      61 
Special-class-education  division 
of  state  department  of  edu- 
cation      32 

State  board  of  education      .     .        5 

Constitution        19 

Executive  officers    ....      20 
Expenses  of 

General  powers  and  duties 

State  commissioner  of  educa- 
tion.    (See  Commissioner.) 
State  department  of  education — 

Divisions  of 27      12 

Organization  of 24      10 

Publications  of 35      13 

State  educational  organization      17        i 

State  school-tax 106    101 

Apportionment  of  proceeds  of     113     112 
State    normal    schools.      (See 

Normal  schools.) 

State  teachers  college      .     .     .     147     158 
State  university.     (See  Univer- 
sity of  Osceola.) 
Statistical  division  of  state  de- 
partment of  education       .      29 

Study,  courses  of 12 

Subdistricts  —  classification   of 


20 

24 

ii 

258 


12 

5 
4 
6 

102 

5 
7 


59 
Taxes  in  ...  .     .     no 


12 
13 
33 
107 


Subdistrict  school  officers    .     . 
Subdistrict  school  boards  — 

Powers  and  duties  of  ... 
Success-grades  —  Yearly  .  . 
Success-grades  on  reading-circle 

work 

Success  schedules  for  teachers  . 
Superintendent  of  education  — 

In  cities 

In  cities  of  ist  class     .     .     . 
Superintendents  of  schools  — 
County.      (See   County    su- 
perintendent.) 

State.     (See  Commissioner  of 
education.) 

Tenure  of 

Superintendent  of  school  prop- 
erties       

Superintendent    of     school-at- 
tendance      

Supervisory    certificates.     (Set 
Certificates.) 

System — a  state  school  system 


62  36 

70  45 

152  168 

180  214 

151  167 


72 
77 


Scope  of 


4 
17 

4 
18 

Si 


Tax  —  County  school-tax    .     . 

District  taxation     .     .     .     . 

State  school 

Taxation  for  education    .     .     . 

By  school  corporations    .     . 

Taxation  —  Exemptions  from 

Taxes  —  Certifying  for  levy     . 

Limits  of  levy 

Subdistrict 

Teachers  — 

Appeals  after  dismissal     .     . 

Causes  for  dismissal     .     .     . 

Certification  of.  (See  Cer- 
tificates.) 

Indefinite  tenure     .     .     .     . 

Pay  of 

Pensions  for 

Preliminary  appointments  . 
Tenure  of  teachers  .  .  .  . 
Term  of  school  required  .  . 
Text-books  —  Selection  of  .  . 

State  approved  lists     .     .     . 

To  be  furnished  free    .     .     . 

Units  for  adoptions      .    .    . 


46 
50 


175  204 
78   $« 

70   M 


5 

I 

2 

t 
56 


108  105 

109  105 
106  101 

9  8 

II  IO 

112  12 

213  258 

110  I 08 

111  IOQ 

110  107 

175  203 

175  202 


174  2OO 

176  205 

176  206 

173  199 

173  199 

12  14 

12  13 

140  147 

141  148 
I4O  146 


Index 


257 


Page 

Time  of  term 85 

Trade  and  industrial  schools    .  94 

Instruction  in 95 

Training-of-teachers  division  of 
state  department  of  edu- 
cation    33 

(Also  see  Normal  schools.) 

City  normal  schools     .     .     .  146 

County  training  classes    .     .  146 

State  teachers  college       .    .  147 

University  of  Osceola      ...  13 

Admission  to 91 

Culmination  of  state  system  100 

Government  of 100 

Instruction  in 103 

Regents'  duties 101 


Sec- 
tion 

65 
83 


157 
156 
158 

15 
77 
93 
94 
97 
95 


Scope  of  instruction  in     .    . 

Support  of 

The  standard  of  measure 

Vaccination  required       .     .     . 
Vocational  education       .     .     . 
Certificates.        (See   Certifi- 
cates.) 

Definitions  of 

Division  of  in  state  depart- 
ment of  education    .     .     . 
Nature  of  instruction  .    .     . 

Working  permits  — 

Employers  must  exhibit  .  . 

Nature  and  use  of  .     .  .  . 

Papers  required  for      .  .  . 


104 
103 

105 


98 
96 

99 


138     143 
92       78 


92       79 

34       12 
92       80 


205  244 
205  243 
204  242 


^PHE  following  pages  contain  advertisements  of  a 
few  of  the  Macmillan  books  on  kindred  subjects. 


TEXTBOOK  SERIES  IN  EDUCATION 

EDITED  BY  PAUL  MONROE 

Textbook  in  the  History  of  Education 

BY  PAUL  MONROE,  PH.D. 

Cloth,  8vo,  illustrated,  xix  +  77 '2  pages,  $1.90 

The  merits  which  the  author  has  sought  to  incorporate  in  this 
book  are :  (i)  To  furnish  a  body  of  historical  facts  sufficient  to 
give  the  student  concrete  material  from  which  to  form  generaliza- 
tions. (2)  To  suggest,  chiefly  by  classification  of  this  material, 
interpretations  such  as  will  not  consist  merely  in  unsupported 
generalizations.  (3)  To  give,  to  some  degree,  a  flavor  of  the  orig- 
inal sources  of  information.  (4)  To  make  evident  the  relation  be- 
tween educational  development  and  other  aspects  of  the  history  of 
civilization.  (5)  To  deal  with  educational  tendencies  rather  than 
with  men.  (6)  To  show  the  connection  between  educational  the- 
ory and  actual  school  work  in  its  historical  development.  (7)  To 
suggest  relations  with  present  educational  work. 

Textbook  in  the  Principles  of  Education 

BY  ERNEST  NORTON  HENDERSON,  PH.D. 

Cloth,  8vo,  illustrated,  xiv  -f  393  pages,  $J*7j 

This  book  presents,  in  a  systematic  way,  the  outlines  of  the 
theory  of  education  from  the  point  of  view  of  evolution.  It  takes 
up  this  conception  at  the  point  where  it  has  been  dropped  by 
other  writers.  It  develops  the  theory,  reconstructing  it  in  accord- 
ance with  the  latest  scientific  knowledge  of  the  subject.  In  this 
treatment  the  significant  biological  facts,  reproduction,  the  help- 
less period  of  infancy  and  the  lack  of  inheritance,  at  least  to  any 
appreciable  degree  of  acquired  characters,  have  served  as  a  basis 
upon  which  to  organize  the  facts  of  the  Principles  of  Education. 

State  and  County  Educational  Reorganization 

BY  ELLWOOD  P.  CUBBERLEY 
Other  volumes  in  the  Textbook  Series  in  preparation 


THE   MACMILLAN  COMPANY 

*  64-66  Fifth  Avenue,  New  Tork 

BOSTON  ATLANTA  DALLAS  CHICAGO  SAN  FRANCISCO 


Syllabus  of  Lectures  on  the  History  of  Education 

WITH  SELECTED  BIBLIOGRAPHIES  AND  SUGGESTED  READINGS 

BY  ELLWOOD  P.  CUBBERLEY 

Cloth,  jto,  illustrated,  xvi  +  361  pages,  $2.60 

This  book  has  been  prepared  for  the  use  of  teachers,  librarians, 
and  students  of  education.  The  Syllabus  is  based  on  a  combination 
of  the  lecture  and  library  methods,  with  occasional  class  discussions 
and  reports. 

The  Syllabus  presents  the  subject  so  that  the  study  of  the  History 
of  Education  may  be  carried  on  as  a  phase  of  the  history  of  civiliza- 
tion. Accordingly  a  close  connection  has  been  maintained  between 
the  history  of  the  civilization  of  a  people  and  the  ideas  on  and 
progress  of  education  among  them.  Significant  political  events, 
changes  in  religious  ideas,  the  attitude  of  the  leaders  toward  the 
great  problems,  the  progress  of  scientific  discovery  and  invention, 
and  the  rise  and  progress  of  the  scientific  method  and  national  spirit 
have  been  considered  as  a  background  for  the  study  of  the  history 
of  educational  theories  and  practice.  An  attempt  has  also  been 
made  to  separate  what  was  mere  theory  from  what  was  actual  prac- 
tice, what  was  particular  or  local  from  what  was  general;  to  give 
some  coherence  to  that  confusing  period  between  the  Protestant 
Revolt  and  the  nineteenth  century ;  to  set  the  work  of  the  theorists 
and  the  reformers  in  a  proper  relation  to  one  another  and  to  the 
times  in  which  they  lived,  and  to  point  out  how  far  they  have  influ- 
enced the  present ;  and,  finally,  to  sketch  the  great  organizing  move- 
ments of  the  nineteenth  century,  taking  Germany,  France,  and  Eng- 
land as  types.  A  sufficiently  comprehensive  outline  of  the  history 
of  education  in  American  is  given  so  as  to  show  the  relation  of  the 
European  development  to  our  own. 


THE   MACMILLAN   COMPANY 

64-66  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York 
CHICAGO  BOSTON  SAN  FRANCISCO  DALLAS  ATLANTA 


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This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


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MAR  12  197) 
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